Abstract
REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
- The U.S. barrier packaging market totaled 8.1 billion lbs in 2011 and
should grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.5% over the next five
years reaching 8.7 billion lbs in 2016.
- The barrier resins segment, the largest segment, totaled 7.2 billion lbs
in 2011 and is forecast to reach 7.8 billion lbs by 2016 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 1.5%.
- The permeable films segment reached 637 million lbs in 2011 and BCC
forecasts this market will reach 686 million lbs in 2016 growing at a CAGR of
1.5%.
SUMMARY FIGURE
U.S. PACKAGING BARRIER RESIN MARKET VOLUME ESTIMATE BY TYPE, 2011 AND 2016
(MILLION LBS)
INTRODUCTION
This report is an update of a BCC Research report on this subject by the same
author, published in February 2008 and completed some months before that date.
In this new update, we have reevaluated the entire subject, introduced some
new barrier packaging concepts and products that have appeared in the
intervening period, and have updated and refined our market analyses,
estimates, and forecasts for five additional years into the future, to 2016.
Despite the fact that much of the basic technology of barrier plastics is the
same, we found that progress had continued to be made in the few years since
the last BCC Research report on this subject. One subject that continues to
get attention is plastic packaging for beer, with new technologies unveiled
and promoted. Beer is a very difficult product to package because of its high
sensitivity to rapid taste degradation from exposure to oxygen, At this time,
at least in the United States, barrier polyethylene terephthalate (PET) beer
bottles have not shown that they can provide the extended shelf life that
glass and aluminum can, except for short shelf-life beer for sports events and
the like. But work continues by barrier packaging firms and beer bottlers
that want plastic beer bottles.
Other developments prominently featured in the last report, such as
increasingly more sophisticated multilayer (ML) barrier packaging structures
and controlled/modified atmosphere packaging for fresh produce and other fresh
foods, continue to grow in importance and usage in these fields is updated
here.
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Packaging, and plastics used in packaging, are seen virtually everywhere in
modern developed society. Most of the goods bought by the public in developed
societies are packaged, as are an increasing number in developing countries as
well. (One side effect from all this packaging has been a constant barrage of
complaints from activists that products are “overpackaged” and
this excess packaging contributes to our big waste load.) Many companies have
reacted and continue to react to these complaints by reducing or changing
their packaging to make the final package less complex and/or using less
packaging material.
Packaging has been around for centuries, and probably was developed for a
number of reasons. These include preservation and stability of products over
time and the protection of products from damage, dirt, moisture, etc. Early
packaging was quite crude (e.g., the casks and cases of salted meat carried on
old sailing ships, which often went to sea for extended lengths of time).
All packaging provides some sort of barrier; this is a primary reason for
packaging products in the first place. Packaging protects products from
infiltration (or, in some cases, exfiltration, the latter the passing of a
material or materials out of the container) of contaminants, of flavor, color,
odor, etc., as well as preserving the contents. Glass and metal containers
have been used for packaging goods for many years and certainly qualify as
barrier packages. As we discuss later, thick glass and metal qualify as
“functional” barriers that stop just about everything from passing
through them.
Plastics, that is polymers ordinarily made from chemical and petrochemical raw
materials, are everywhere around us, in a multitude of goods ranging from
small children's toys to automobile bodies and house siding. Packaging
examples are also legion, most visible in food and beverage products but also
well known for consumer items such as the ubiquitous “clamshell”
clear rigid thermoformed packaging for hardware and “jewel box”
cassette cases (and CDs and DVDs themselves). Packaging is the single largest
end user of plastic resins in the United States. For many years, packaging
has consumed more than one-quarter of all the resins used in any year in the
United States.
In this study we look at a very important segment of the packaging industry,
that of plastic barrier packaging and the plastic resins that supply these
barriers (i.e., polymers that are used in packaging to provide a barrier to
some unwanted intrusion in or out of the package). Barrier resins block the
passage of several important substances, including oxygen, moisture, odors,
flavors, and others.
Different experts and observers use different terms to describe the use and
function of plastics in barrier packaging, and most of these terms are
somewhat arbitrary. They can also be confusing. First and foremost, this
study is devoted entirely to synthetic barrier plastics; that is, those
primarily derived from petrochemical feedstocks. We briefly describe
cellophane, the one natural barrier film still in some use, but do not include
it in our market estimates and forecasts since it is not synthetic and for
years it has been considered an obsolete product with a declining market.
Among synthetic resins, many analysts attempt to differentiate between barrier
resins and structural resins used in packaging. By defining some limits of
gas permeability that constitute barrier properties, resins are placed in one
or the other category. BCC Research does not rigidly classify barrier
packaging resins in this way, for not only is “barrier” an
arbitrary term, but different resins can perform both barrier and structural
functions in some plastic packaging structures. All resins discussed and
analyzed in this report are considered to be barrier resins, even if their use
may predominantly be structural in many or most of their packaging structures.
We do consider polyolefins (polyethylenes and polypropylene), polystyrene
(PS), and other such strong support resins to primarily be structural; we call
them secondary barrier resins. This is to differentiate them from the primary
barrier resins such as ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and
polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC). The latter are included in barrier structures
strictly for their gas barrier properties.
As good example of combination structure and barrier is the common
polyethylene terephthalate carbonated soft drink (CSD) or water bottle. In
this application, the primary structural resin, PET, has sufficient barrier
against the primary pass-through material (in this case the exfiltration of
carbon dioxide “fizz” from the contained soda) to be a used in a
simple monolayer plastic structure for many CSDs. However, it is really a
relatively poor barrier resin and all CSDs lose “fizz” over time,
with this degradation accelerated by exposure to heat; most of us have
experienced opening a rather old plastic soda bottle and finding the contents
flat. Many major soft drink bottlers now often put “use by”
dates, or other means of identifying the package's age, on CSD bottles
To package a more demanding product such as beer, which can rapidly degrade
from oxygen infiltration, a better barrier structure is needed and the plastic
packaging industry has been working for several years on this challenge; this
was one the most interesting developments around the turn of the century,
discussed in our previous updates and still of interest. Plastic, primarily
PET-based, beer bottles have been a desired product for years, but at this
time the “ideal” plastic beer bottle that can truly preserve beer
for the desired period of time is not yet a widespread commercial reality,
especially in the U.S.
In many other cases, a multilayer structure (MLS), either laminated or
coextruded, is needed to provide both strength and barrier. Some of these ML
structures, even for seemingly simple products like snack foods, are wonders
to behold and now often have seven or more different plastic layers, each
layer providing a different structural, barrier, or adhesive function.
The growth of plastic barrier packaging, in the sophisticated sense used in
this report, has been significant since the discovery and development of the
first synthetic specialty barrier resin, polyvinylidene chloride, Dow
Chemical's old Saran brand) in the 1950s and 1960s. (Dow sold the household
Saran Wrap to S.C. Johnson but retains the trademark in the U.S. for the basic
resin products.) The commercialization of ethylene vinyl alcohol came a bit
later, in the 1970s. As we said, these two resins are the backbone of
high-barrier plastic packaging.
It was the development of coextrusion technology that enabled the efficient
manufacture of ML plastic structures in a wide range of thicknesses, in a
single pass through one machine. Coextrusion is just that, a process that
extrudes more than one type of resin simultaneously through an extrusion die
to form an MLS with discrete and independent layers bonded to each other. The
development of coextrusion really caused barrier packaging growth to take off
in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Before then, ML structures were made by
laminating two plastic layers together with heat or adhesives, a slower and
intrinsically less efficient process. Lamination still is an important MLS
method, especially for resin combinations that are difficult to coextrude.
Adding to the interest in this subject, the barrier packaging industry changes
constantly. An ideal polymeric barrier does not exist, and probably never
will, since each application has different requirements. In some cases, for
example in the packaging of meat, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a film that is not
a good oxygen barrier, has been commonly used to package beef in supermarket
meat displays for years, since it keeps beef color red and inviting for the
short time it is on display. However, for long-term transport or storage of
meat, a good oxygen barrier is needed to prevent spoilage. Newer packaging
was required for “boxed beef,” packages of commercial beef cuts
(sirloins, round steak, etc.) that are produced at the processing plant and
then shipped in refrigerated boxes for direct sale at the supermarket. A
common system in use today uses two film layers, a good barrier for shipment
that is removed at the supermarket to expose a PVC film that allows oxygen to
infiltrate and keep the beef red.
Current barrier packaging plastics are good, but problems remain that restrict
their use or hinder their growth in many applications.
These include:
- High cost, almost always higher than the cost of a simple monolayer
plastic package of, for example, polyethylene or polypropylene (PP).
- Susceptibility to contamination or degradation, especially by moisture:
EVOH is the best example of this problem, since its hydroxyl groups give it
good barrier qualities but also make it susceptible to hydrolysis. As a
result, EVOH only can be used as an inner layer in an MLS, since its barrier
properties degrade to virtual worthlessness when EVOH is subjected to high
humidity.
- Disposal or recycling problems: Because most MLS contain more than one
type of plastic, they cannot easily be commingled and recycled with, for
example, straight high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or PET. Many ML containers
must be classified and labeled with the SPI recycling number “7”
for “other.”
- Challenges from competing materials and processes, some of them old and
proven like glass and metallization, and newer ones such as silicon and other
oxide coatings that can provide a superior barrier.
Our goal is to describe the most common and popular barrier polymers and their
applications, their technology, competing barrier materials, and future
trends. We estimate and forecast markets for barrier polymers of several
kinds and in several different important markets such as food and healthcare
packaging. The polymers and applications that we cover are described and
briefly discussed below in the “Scope and Format” section below.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
As noted above, packaging constitutes the single, largest end use of plastics
in the United States. And more and more packaging is barrier packaging, which
is taking on increased importance each year as both producers and customers
seek longer shelf life and better product integrity, flavor, potency, etc.
BCC Research has maintained and updated this study to provide a comprehensive
reference for those interested and/or involved in these products and who want
an up-to-date review of the field and estimated markets. This cohort of
people and organizations includes a wide and varied group of chemical and
other companies that make and use barrier polymers, process technology and
equipment designers and marketers, politicians of all stripes, and the general
public. We have collected, condensed, and analyzed information from a large
amount of literature and other reference materials to compile this report.
Many developments over the past generation or so in barrier packaging were
done to develop even more sophisticated multilayer barrier packaging
structures, needed to solve the most difficult barrier packaging problems
economically. These developments are a primary and continuing focus of this
study. As this technology was developed, four basic barrier materials were
found and used widely: PVDC, nylon, EVOH, and metallized films. Consumer
demand for foods with longer shelf life, high-quality, and excellent flavor
and freshness retention has led to even more sophisticated MLS that often are
thinner than their less-efficient predecessors, but also usually more
sophisticated and complicated, usually with more (but usually thinner) layers.
This has occurred because of the better choice of barriers and structural
layers in the ML structure. It often results in a thinner coextruded or
molded film or rigid structure with more layers that can do a better job than
a simpler and thicker one.
SCOPE AND FORMAT
This BCC Research study provides in-depth coverage of many of the most
important technological, economic, political, and environmental considerations
in the U.S. barrier packaging polymer industry. It primarily is a study of
U.S. markets. But because of the increasingly global nature of polymer and
packaging chemistry it touches on some noteworthy international activities,
primarily those having an impact on the U.S. market, such as imports/exports
and foreign firms operating in this country.
We analyze and forecast market estimates for barrier packaging plastic resins
in volume in pounds. Our base market estimate year is 2011, and we forecast
market growth for a five-year period to 2016. All market figures are rounded
to the nearest million pounds and all growth rates are compounded (signified
as compound annual growth rates, or CAGRs). Because of this rounding, some
growth rates may not agree exactly with figures in the market tables; this is
especially so with small volumes and their differences. All market volumes
are at the manufacturer or producer level.
This report is segmented into nine chapters, of which this introduction is the
first.
The Summary encapsulates our findings and conclusions, and includes a summary
table that summarizes the major barrier packaging resins. It is the place
where busy executives can find key elements of the study in summary format.
An Overview follows, starting with an introduction to the petrochemical
industry, the source of all these barrier packaging polymers. Then we discuss
the plastic resin industries and focus on barrier packaging. We conclude with
a discussion of barrier packaging materials and structures, with emphasis on
plastic barrier resins. Our intent is to introduce readers to the field of
polymers, barrier packaging, and barrier packaging resins.
The next chapter is the first of two devoted to market analysis. Here, we
discuss, estimate, and forecast markets for barrier packaging plastics by
major resin type or class. This discussion includes some major commodity
resins, such as polyolefins, that find use as structural packaging resins;
however, since these are not primarily barrier resins (and thus outside our
scope) we do not attempt to estimate their wide and diffuse markets. We start
this chapter with an overall market estimate and forecast for the major types
of barrier packaging resins, for base year 2011 and forecast year 2016. Then,
in each section and subsection, we describe individual barrier resin types in
more detail, discuss their important applications in barrier packaging, and
estimate and forecast their markets in greater detail. The types of barrier
resins that we cover and forecast include EVOH, polychlorotrifluoroethylene
(PCTFE) fluoropolymer, nitrile (AN-MA) copolymers, nylons, thermoplastic (TP)
polyesters, PVdC, tie-layer resins, and vapor-permeable films.
Our discussion and market analysis of vapor-permeable barrier resins and
systems is included as an interesting sidelight to barrier resin chemistry,
since the very term “vapor-permeable barrier” sounds like an
oxymoron. These structures are designed for selective permeation, meaning the
some gases should pass through the structure but others should not.
In this “markets by resin type” chapter we also discuss some newer
and more experimental or developmental barrier materials and systems, but do
not try market analyses since these products still are experimental or their
markets too low and/or diffuse.
The next chapter discusses and forecasts markets by barrier resin
applications. We have placed applications into three specific major groups:
food (by far the largest segment), chemical and industrial products, and
healthcare products packaging.
The next chapter is devoted to technology, starting with some basic plastic
resin chemistry, manufacture, and properties of plastics used in barrier
packaging. Next, we go to polymerization technologies. We then cover other
important aspects of polymer technology including fabrication of rigid and
flexible structures, polymer orientation, barrier technology, some competing
barrier materials, food processing and packaging and additional new
developments in barrier packaging. One of the most important more recent
developments has been work on ways to increase the barrier properties of PET,
primarily the attempt to develop a really good PET-based barrier plastic beer
bottle.
The next chapter covers the barrier packaging resin industry structure, with
emphasis on major domestic producers and suppliers, horizontal and vertical
integration, market and product entry and differentiation factors, and other
topics. Compounders, converters, and molders are important links in the
plastics production chain. We briefly discuss and analyze some international
aspects of the barrier resin business, including its global nature, major
foreign-owned supplier companies that operate in the United States, and
imports and exports.
The next chapter is devoted to some environmental, regulatory, and public
policy issues that affect barrier plastic packaging. These include waste
disposal and recycling, federal laws and regulations, and the all-important
public perceptions of plastics and plastic packaging.
Our last narrative chapter consists of profiles of many supplier companies
that BCC Research considers to be among the most important and/or best
representatives of this business.
The Appendix is a glossary of some important terms, abbreviations, acronyms,
etc. used in the chemical, polymer, and packaging industries.
We note again that some topics and materials covered in the text of this
report are not included in our market estimate and forecast tables. We
include these topics and materials for completeness. However, they either are
really outside the market scope of this study (such as natural film,
cellophane, and some oxygen scavengers), too new to have yet developed a
measurable commercial market (such as some nonpolymeric barrier coatings and
films), or whose markets are too large and diffuse to forecast the barrier
segment with any certainty (such as the use of polyolefins in barrier
packaging as structural and secondary barriers). We include these materials
and concepts to give the reader as complete coverage as possible, not only of
new developments in barrier packaging plastics, but also other materials than
can extend shelf life and/or otherwise affect markets for barrier resins.
For consistency in style and format, registered trade names are usually
indicated by capitalizing the initial letter of the name; generic names are
lowercase. Because many chemical names are long and complicated, we often use
abbreviations, acronyms, or chemical formulae. Many of these, such as HDPE,
PVC, PVdC, PCTFE, etc., represent common polymers.
All chemical elements and compounds can be designated by chemical symbols and
formulae. After introducing the element or compound, we often use symbols
such as HCl for hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride. Our glossary at the
end of this report contains definitions and explanations of many of the most
important abbreviations and acronyms.
OXYGEN AND WATER VAPOR BARRIER RESINS
Our scope is restricted to those synthetic barrier resins that are used to
prevent infiltration or exfiltration of gases. These primarily are oxygen and
water vapor (moisture) barriers, but also in some applications are carbon
dioxide (CO2) barriers, as in carbonated beverage packaging. Some in the
trade consider oxygen permeability to be the only really important barrier
parameter. This is based on the importance of an oxygen barrier to retard
food spoilage. However, BCC Research also considers water vapor transmission
to be another important barrier parameter. This is because of its importance
in some critical applications such as packaged pharmaceuticals and dry food
products. For example, bread-type products must be protected from moisture,
lest they turn moldy. And, as noted, a CO2 barrier is important for
preserving carbonation.
Other barriers are noted and discussed in several places; for example,
barriers to other gases, including hydrocarbon vapors (because of the
increasing importance of barrier in automotive gasoline tanks to cut down on
hydrocarbon vapor exfiltration); and to light, odor, flavor, etc. However,
because these latter applications are so spotty and difficult to quantify (and
also because these effects often are masked by, or included in other barrier
effects), we do not attempt to separately quantify their markets. The only
exception is barrier gasoline tanks. Plastic packaging barrier structures
examined and discussed include both rigid and flexible, monolayer, and
multilayer.
We also include and estimate markets for two types of so-called
vapor-permeable or selective barrier films that allow relatively high transfer
of gases through them. These are so-called “breathable” films
such as PVC for meat packaging and DuPont's Tyvek brand of spun-bonded
polyolefin, and controlled or modified-atmosphere packaging (CAP/MAP)
permeable films for food packaging.
Since the scope of this study is determined by our definition of what
constitutes a barrier resin, we define some terms here in the introduction.
Based on its oxygen or moisture permeability or gas transmission rate, BCC
Research considers a barrier resin to be one that has the following
permeability characteristics:
- Oxygen: A resin with permeability to oxygen (measured as oxygen
transmission rate or OTR) of less than 2 grams or ml/mil thickness/100 sq.
inches in a 24 hour day at one atmosphere pressure; this is often shown as gm
or ml/mil/100 sq. in./day. Most OTRs are measured at 73oF and relative
humidity (RH) specified for the particular conditions. Many older resins can
achieve an OTR of 5, but most modern barrier resins have values of 1.0 or
lower. For example, standard metallized PET films have an OTR of about 0.3 or
lower. We consider any material with an OTR below 0.1 to be a high-barrier
material; these include PVdC and EVOH. Others are called moderate barriers.
- Water (moisture) vapor: A resin with a water vapor transmission rate
(WVTR) lower than 0.10. We define and classify moisture barrier polymer
structures as do experts in the pharmaceutical blister packaging industry.
That is, very low barrier films have a WVTR greater than 0.10, low-barrier
WVTRs are 0.06 to 0.1, intermediate barrier 0.03 to 0.06, and high-barrier
films have WVTR values of 0.03 or lower. WVTRs of 1.0 have been available for
years with many resin films. The best and current moisture-barrier film,
PCTFE, has WVTR values lower than 0.03 for most structures and it is the only
true high-moisture-barrier film resin. WVTR is usually determined under
conditions of 100oF and 90% RH (quite stringent conditions but not all that
unusual in many parts of the U.S., including many bathrooms where medicines
are often kept).
- One major caveat should be stated here. Gas permeability and other
barrier properties can shift as a result of a number of variables. These
include ambient conditions (particularly temperature and humidity), exact
grade of barrier plastic, particular packaging structure (including other
materials, tie layers, adhesives, etc.), processing conditions, and operations
performed by the processor or end user such as retort or hot-fill packaging.
Thus, gas permeability figures really are a range of values, which can vary by
an order of magnitude or more for the same resin. The reader should keep
these variations in mind when studying tables of gas permeabilities later in
this report.
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
Extensive searches were made of the literature and the Internet, including
many of the leading trade publications as well as technical compendia and
government publications. Much product and market information was obtained
whenever possible from principals involved in the industry. Information for
our corporate profiles was obtained primarily from the companies, especially
larger, publicly owned firms. Other sources included directories, articles,
and Internet sites.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. J. Charles Forman is a research analyst for BCC Research covering
polymers and chemicals. His work in industry included 21 years at Abbott
Laboratories in R&D and manufacturing management. Dr. Forman has researched
and written more than 50 multiclient market research reports on a variety of
subjects ranging from building construction materials and spectroscopy, to
several studies on plastic packaging. He has been writing for BCC Research
for over 15 years. His educational credentials include an S.B. from MIT and
M.S. and Ph.D. from Northwestern University, all in chemical engineering. He
is also a licensed Professional Engineer (P.E.)
Table of Contents
Plastics for Barrier Packaging
Chapter - 1: INTRODUCTION - Complimentary
- STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
- REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
- INTENDED AUDIENCE
- SCOPE AND FORMAT
- OXYGEN AND WATER VAPOR BARRIER RESINS
- METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
- RELATED BCC REPORTS
- ABOUT THE AUTHOR
- BCC ON-LINE SERVICES
- DISCLAIMER
Chapter - 2: SUMMARY
- Table 0: U.S. PACKAGING BARRIER RESIN MARKET VOLUME ESTIMATE BY TYPE,
THROUGH 2016
- Figure 0: U.S. PACKAGING BARRIER RESIN MARKET VOLUME ESTIMATE BY TYPE,
2011 AND 2016
Chapter - 3: OVERVIEW
- THE U.S. CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
- THE U.S. PLASTIC RESIN INDUSTRY
- BARRIER PACKAGING
- MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Chapter - 4: PACKAGING MARKETS BY BARRIER RESIN TYPES
- OVERALL MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- REGENERATED CELLULOSE (CELLOPHANE)
- ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMERS
- FLUOROPOLYMERS - PCTFE
- NITRILE POLYMERS (POLYACRYLONITRILE AND COPOLYMERS)
- NYLON RESINS
- POLYOLEFINS
- THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTERS
- POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE AND COPOLYMERS
- OTHER BARRIER MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS
- NONPOLYMERIC BARRIERS IN PLASTIC BARRIER STRUCTURES
- LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS
- CYCLO OLEFIN COPOLYMER
- POLYETHYLENE FURANOATE
- OXYGEN AND ETHYLENE SCAVENGING SYSTEMS
- STRUCTURAL RESINS
- VAPOR PERMEABLE RESINS
Chapter - 5: PACKAGING MARKETS BY BARRIER RESIN APPLICATIONS
- OVERALL MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- FOOD PACKAGING
- CHEMICAL/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT PACKAGING
- HEALTHCARE PACKAGING
Chapter - 6: TECHNOLOGY
- PLASTIC RESIN CHEMISTRY, MANUFACTURE, AND PROPERTIES
- NEWER POLYMERIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
- POLYMER FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
- POLYMER AND FILM ORIENTATION
- BARRIER TECHNOLOGY
- NONPOLYMERIC BARRIER SURFACE FILMS AND COATINGS
- MULTILAYER LAMINATION AND COEXTRUSION
- FOOD PROCESSING METHODS
- FOOD PACKAGING
- NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN BARRIER PACKAGING
Chapter - 7: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
- TRENDS IN THE U.S. BARRIER PLASTIC RESINS INDUSTRY
- BARRIER PLASTIC RESIN AND PACKAGING SUPPLIERS
- PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION AND SUBSTITUTION
- MARKET ENTRY FACTORS
- COMPOUNDERS/CONVERTERS/MOLDERS AND DISTRIBUTORS
- MARKETING
- INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS
Chapter - 8: ENVIRONMENTAL, REGULATORY, AND PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
- FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATORY PROCESSES
- PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS
Chapter - 9: COMPANY PROFILES
- INTRODUCTION
- SUPPLIER COMPANIES
Chapter - 10: APPENDIX: GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS
List of Tables
- Summary Table: U.S. PACKAGING BARRIER RESIN MARKET VOLUME ESTIMATE BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2016
- Table 1: VALUE OF U.S. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY SHIPMENTS, THROUGH 2010
- Table 2: U.S. PRODUCTION OF MAJOR THERMOPLASTIC RESINS: 2006-2010
- Table 3: PRICES OF BULK COMMODITY THERMOPLASTIC RESINS, 1992 - 2011
- Table 4: VAPOR PERMEABILITIES OF PACKAGING RESINS
- Table 5: U.S. PACKAGING BARRIER RESIN MARKET VOLUME ESTIMATE BY TYPE,
THROUGH 2016
- Table 6: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF REGENERATED CELLULOSE
- Table 7: U.S. PACKAGING VOLUME ESTIMATE FOR EVOH BARRIER RESINS, THROUGH
2016
- Table 8: TYPICAL EVOH PROPERTIES
- Table 9: PROCESSES, ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF EVOH
- Table 10: U.S. PACKAGING VOLUME ESTIMATE FOR PCTFE BARRIER RESINS, THROUGH
2016
- Table 11: TYPICAL PCTFE PROPERTIES
- Table 12: PCTFE ADVANTAGES
- Table 13: U.S. PACKAGING VOLUME ESTIMATE FOR NITRILE (AN-MA) BARRIER
RESINS, THROUGH 2016
- Table 14: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF AN-MA COPOLYMERS
- Table 15: U.S. PACKAGING VOLUME ESTIMATE FOR NYLON BARRIER RESINS, THROUGH
2016
- Table 16: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF UNORIENTED NYLONS
- Table 17: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF ORIENTED NYLON 6
- Table 18: PROCESSING, ADVANTAGES, AND LIMITATIONS OF AMORPHOUS NYLONS
- Table 19: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SELAR PA AMORPHOUS NYLONS
- Table 20: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE FILMS
- Table 21: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE FILMS
- Table 22: U.S. PACKAGING VOLUME ESTIMATE FOR THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTER
BARRIER RESINS, THROUGH 2016
- Table 23: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER
- Table 24: SOME ADVANTAGES OF PET BARRIER RESINS
- Table 25: U.S. PACKAGING VOLUME ESTIMATE FOR PVDC BARRIER RESINS, THROUGH
2016
- Table 26: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
- Table 27: PVDC PROCESSES, ADVANTAGES, AND LIMITATIONS
- Table 28: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER AND
IONOMER FILM RESINS
- Table 29: U.S. PACKAGING VOLUME ESTIMATE FOR BARRIER TIE LAYER RESINS,
THROUGH 2016
- Table 30: U.S. PACKAGING VOLUME ESTIMATE FOR VAPOR PERMEABLE RESINS,
THROUGH 2016
- Table 31: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FILMS
- Table 32: OPTIMUM HEADSPACE PACKAGING ATMOSPHERES FOR PRODUCE
- Table 33: OVERALL U.S. MARKET ESTIMATE FOR PACKAGING BARRIER RESIN VOLUMES
BY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2016
- Table 34: U.S. BARRIER PLASTIC FOOD PACKAGING MARKET VOLUME ESTIMATE,
THROUGH 2016
- Table 35: U.S. BARRIER PLASTIC CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING MARKET
VOLUME ESTIMATE, THROUGH 2016
- Table 36: U.S. BARRIER PLASTIC HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET VOLUME
ESTIMATE, THROUGH 2016
- Table 37: INTERNATIONAL MAJOR BARRIER RESIN MARKETS, 2011
List of Figures
- Summary Figure: U.S. PACKAGING BARRIER RESIN MARKET VOLUME ESTIMATE BY
TYPE, 2011 AND 2016
