全球的锂产业：第10版 2006年

Abstract

What the report gives you

• Independent, in-depth research and analysis
• Essential market intelligence for successful business planning
• Detailed survey of production in 36 countries
• Up-to-date profiles of the activities of over 20 current and potential lithium producing and processing companies, including Sons of Gwalia, SQM, Chemetall GmbH and FMC Lithium.
• Forecasts for end-use consumption and world supply and demand

Report highlights

The lithium market can be divided between lithium chemicals (sourced from brines or minerals), which account for some 80% of total consumption, and lithium minerals consumed directly. These market shares have almost reversed since SQM entered the lithium carbonate market in 1996.

Reflecting growth in demand, world lithium production is estimated to have increased by some 4%py between 2002 and 2005. The industry is characterised by a high degree of concentration of production, with two countries a' Chile and Australia a' together accounting for nearly two-thirds of world output and for most of the growth in production in the mid-2000s.

Sons of Gwalia in Australia produces some 60% of world output of lithium minerals (as spodumene) from Greenbushes hard rock deposit, with output estimated at 120,000t (gross weight) in 2005. SQM of Chile, with shipments of 27,800t lithium carbonate in 2005, accounted for 36% of world production. This share will increase in 2008, following the company's planned expansion in production capacity to 40,000tpy.

An interesting feature of world lithium production is the potential emergence of China as a leading supplier. The development of technology to extract lithium from high-magnesium brines has led to the start of lithium carbonate production from salt lakes in Qinghai and Tibet provinces. In late 2005, CITIC Guorun began construction of a 35,000tpy lithium carbonate plant to exploit lithium reserves in Xitai Ginar salt lake in Qinghai province. Production was scheduled to start in 2006.

Portable electronic consumer products will remain the main area of growth for secondary batteries through 2010, with shipments to the Asian cellular phone market alone estimated to rise by 50%py and growth rates in Russia and Poland reaching 70%py. Longer-term growth will depend on the market penetration achieved by hybrid electric vehicles and on the commercialisation of safe and cost-effective lithium batteries to power them.

Table of Contents

1. Summary

2. Introduction, reserves, mining and processing of lithium

• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Occurrence and reserves of lithium
• 2.3 Extraction and processing of lithium brines
• 2.4 Mining and processing of lithium minerals
• 2.5 Hectorite deposits

3. World production of lithium

• 3.1 World production of primary lithium
• 3.2 Lithium chemicals
• 3.3 World production of lithium chemicals

4. Review of lithium producing countries

• 4.1 Afghanistan
• 4.2 Argentina
  • 4.2.1 Minera del Altiplano SA
  • 4.2.2 Admiralty Resources NL
• 4.3 Australia
  • 4.3.1 Sons of Gwalia Ltd
    • 4.3.1.1 Reserves of lithium
    • 4.3.1.2 Production of lithium
    • 4.3.1.3 Specifications for spodumene
• 4.4 Austria
• 4.5 Belgium
• 4.6 Bolivia
• 4.7 Brazil
  • 4.7.1 Reserves of lithium in Brazil
  • 4.7.2 Production of lithium in Brazil
    • 4.7.2.1 Arqueana de Minerios e Metais Ltda
    • 4.7.2.2 Cia Brasileira do Litio (CBL)
• 4.8 Canada
  • 4.8.1 Producers of lithium in Canada
    • 4.8.1.1 TANCO
    • 4.8.1.2 Limtech Lithium Industries
    • 4.8.1.3 ToxCo Canada
  • 4.8.2 Potential producers of lithium in Canada
    • 4.8.2.1 Angus & Ross
    • 4.8.2.2 Avalon Ventures Ltd
    • 4.8.2.3 Emerald Fields Resource Corp
    • 4.8.2.4 Raymor Industries Inc
    • 4.8.2.5 Other potential deposits
• 4.9 Chile
  • 4.9.1 Reserves of lithium in Chile
  • 4.9.2 Production of lithium in Chile
    • 4.9.2.1 SCL
    • 4.9.2.2 SQM
  • 4.9.3 Exports of lithium from Chile
• 4.10 China
  • 4.10.1 Reserves of lithium in China
  • 4.10.2 Supply of lithium in China
  • 4.10.3 Producers of lithium minerals in China
  • 4.10.4 Potential producers of lithium minerals in China
  • 4.10.5 Producers of lithium carbonate from brines in China
  • 4.10.6 Producers of lithium chemicals in China
  • 4.10.7 Producers of lithium metal in China
• 4.11 Democratic Republic of Congo
• 4.12 Finland
• 4.13 France
• 4.14 Germany
• 4.14.1 Chemetall GmbH
• 4.15 India
• 4.16 Ireland
• 4.17 Israel
• 4.18 Japan
• 4.19 South Korea
• 4.20 Mali
• 4.21 Morocco
• 4.22 Mozambique
• 4.23 Namibia
• 4.24 Netherlands
• 4.25 New Zealand
• 4.26 Portugal
• 4.27 Russia
  • 4.27.1 Reserves of lithium in Russia
  • 4.27.2 Production of lithium in Russia
  • 4.27.3 Past production of lithium in Russia
• 4.28 South Africa
• 4.29 Spain
• 4.30 Taiwan
• 4.31 Tajikistan
• 4.32 UK
• 4.33 Ukraine
• 4.34 USA
  • 4.34.1 Imports of lithium into the USA
  • 4.34.2 Producers of lithium in the USA
    • 4.34.2.1 Chemetall Foote Corporation
    • 4.34.2.2 FMC Lithium
    • 4.34.2.3 SQM
    • 4.34.2.4 ToxCo Inc
    • 4.34.2.5 Tronox Inc
• 4.35 Uzbekistan
• 4.36 Zimbabwe
  • 4.36.1 Bikita Minerals (Pvt) Ltd

5. International trade in lithium

• 5.1 Trade in lithium carbonate
• 5.2 Trade in lithium oxide and hydroxide

6. World consumption of lithium

• 6.1 Consumption of lithium by end-use
• 6.2 Outlook for consumption of lithium

7. End-uses for lithium

• 7.1 Use of lithium in batteries
  • 7.1.1 Types of batteries
  • 7.1.2 Lithium primary batteries
    • 7.1.2.1 Trends in demand for lithium in primary batteries
  • 7.1.3 Lithium secondary batteries
    • 7.1.3.1 Types of lithium secondary batteries
    • 7.1.3.2 Production of lithium secondary batteries
    • 7.1.3.3 Markets for lithium secondary batteries
    • 7.1.3.4 Trends in demand for lithium in secondary batteries
• 7.2 Use of lithium in glass and ceramics
  • 7.2.1 Action of lithia in glass and ceramics
  • 7.2.2 Forms of lithia used in glass and ceramics
  • 7.2.3 Production of glass
  • 7.2.4 Use of lithia in glazes and enamels
  • 7.2.5 Trends in demand for lithium in glass and ceramics
• 7.3 Use of lithium in lubricating grease
  • 7.3.1 Types of lubricating grease
  • 7.3.2 Production of lubricating grease
  • 7.3.3 Trends in demand for lithium in lubricating grease
• 7.4 Use of lithium in gas and air treatment
  • 7.4.1 Absorption chillers
  • 7.4.2 Dehumidification
• 7.5 Use of lithium in aluminium smelting
  • 7.5.1 Aluminium smelting
  • 7.5.2 Production of aluminium
  • 7.5.3 Trends in demand for lithium in aluminium smelting
• 7.6 Use of lithium in synthetic rubber and plastics
  • 7.6.1 Types of synthetic rubber
  • 7.6.2 Production of synthetic rubber
  • 7.6.3 Trends in demand for lithium in synthetic rubber production
• 7.7 Use of lithium in pharmaceuticals
  • 7.7.1 Treatment of bipolar disorder
  • 7.7.2 Other medical treatment
• 7.8 Use of lithium in aluminium alloys
  • 7.8.1 Types of aluminium-lithium alloys
  • 7.8.2 Markets for aluminium-lithium alloys
• 7.9 Use of lithium in construction
• 7.10 Use of lithium in organic chemistry
• 7.11 Use of lithium niobate
  • 7.11.1 Production of lithium niobate
  • 7.11.2 Applications for lithium niobate
    • 7.11.2.1 Surface acoustic wave devices
    • 7.11.2.2 Integrated optics
• 7.12 Minor end-uses for lithium
  • 7.12.1 Analytical agents
  • 7.12.2 Battery electrolytes
  • 7.12.3 Dyestuffs
  • 7.12.4 Fuel cells
  • 7.12.5 Metallurgy
  • 7.12.6 Photographic industry
  • 7.12.7 Thermonuclear fusion
  • 7.12.8 Water sanitisers
  • 7.12.9 Welding fluxes
  • 7.12.10 Other speciality lithium inorganics

8. Prices of lithium

• 8.1 Prices of lithium minerals
• 8.2 Prices of lithium carbonate
• 8.3 Prices of lithium compounds and lithium metal

List of Tables

• Table 1: Properties of lithium
• Table 2: Conversion factors for lithium compounds
• Table 3: World: Lithium reserves by country, 2005
• Table 4: World: Lithium reserves by type, 2003
• Table 5: Average brine composition in selected salars
• Table 6: Specifications for lithium carbonate produced from SQM brines
• Table 7: Main lithium minerals
• Table 8: Composition of standard lithium concentrates
• Table 9: World: Production of primary lithium by country, 2000-2005
• Table 10: World: Production of primary lithium and brines by country, 1999-2005
• Table 11: World: Producers of brine-based lithium carbonate and chloride, 2005
• Table 12: World: Producers of lithium minerals, 2005
• Table 13: World: Potential increases in production capacity for lithium minerals and lithium carbonate
• Table 14: Composition of high-grade lithium carbonate
• Table 15: Argentina: Production of lithium carbonate and lithium chloride, 2000-2005
• Table 16: Argentina: Trade in lithium carbonate, 2000-2005
• Table 17: Sons of Gwalia: Production and sales of spodumene minerals, FY 1995-2003
• Table 18: Sons of Gwalia: Production and sales of advanced minerals, mid-2003-mid 2004
• Table 19: Sons of Gwalia: Minerals Division assets and liabilities, 2001-2004
• Table 20: Sons of Gwalia: Specifications for spodumene concentrate SC4.8
• Table 21: Sons of Gwalia: Typical specifications for spodumene concentrates
• Table 22: Austria: Imports of lithium carbonate by country of origin, 2000-2005
• Table 23: Belgium: Imports of lithium compounds, 2000-2005
• Table 24: Belgium: Exports of lithium compounds, 2000-2005
• Table 25: Brazil: Measured reserves of lithium minerals by type, 2004
• Table 26: Brazil: Production, trade and apparent consumption of lithium, 2000-2004
• Table 27: Canada: Trade in lithium chemicals, 2000-2005
• Table 28: TANCO: Specifications for spodumene concentrates
• Table 29: Avalon Ventures: Mineralogy of the Big Whopper resource
• Table 30: Avalon Ventures: Chemical composition of the Big Whopper resource
• Table 31: Chile: Production of lithium carbonate by company, 1995-2005
• Table 32: SQM: Specifications for lithium products
• Table 33: Chile: Exports of lithium carbonate by country of destination, 2001-2005
• Table 34: Chile: Exports of lithium carbonate by company, 1995-2005
• Table 35: China: Reserves of lithium minerals by province
• Table 36: China: Estimated production of lithium, 1998-2005
• Table 37: France: Trade in lithium compounds, 2000-2005
• Table 38: Germany: Imports of lithium carbonate by country of origin, 2000-2005
• Table 39: Chemetall: Lithium product range
• Table 40: India: Listed producers of lithium chemicals
• Table 41: Japan: Imports and consumption of lithium products, 2000-2005
• Table 42: Namibia: Production of lithium minerals, 1990-1998
• Table 43: Netherlands: Trade in lithium compounds, 2000-2005
• Table 44: Portugal: Production of lepidolite, 1996-2005
• Table 45: Portugal: Chemical composition of sills in Goncalco deposit
• Table 46: Russia: Deposits of lithium
• Table 47: Russia: Imports of lithium carbonate by country of origin, 2000-2005
• Table 48: Russia: Production of lithium concentrates, 1992-1998
• Table 49: Spain: Production of lepidolite, 1996-2005
• Table 50: Spain: Trade in lithium carbonate, 2000-2005
• Table 51: UK: Trade in lithium compounds, 2000-2005
• Table 52: USA: Market for lithium, 2000-2005
• Table 53: USA: Trade in lithium compounds, 2000-2005
• Table 54: FMC Lithium: Product range
• Table 55: Zimbabwe: Production of lithium minerals, 1996-2005
• Table 56: World: Leading exporters of lithium carbonate, 2001-2005
• Table 57: World: Leading importers of lithium carbonate, 2001-2005
• Table 58: World: Exports of lithium carbonate by leading exporting country, 2005
• Table 59: World: Imports of lithium carbonate by leading importing country, 2005
• Table 60: World: Leading exporters of lithium oxide and hydroxide, 2001-2005
• Table 61: World: Leading importers of lithium oxide and hydroxide, 2001-2005
• Table 62: World: Exports of lithium oxide and hydroxide by leading exporting country, 2005
• Table 63: World: Imports of lithium oxide and hydroxide by leading importing country, 2005
• Table 64: Brazil and the USA: Consumption of lithium, 2000-2005
• Table 65: Japan: Consumption of lithium chemicals, 2000-2005
• Table 66: World: Estimated consumption of lithium by end-use, 2005
• Table 67: Japan: Consumption of lithium carbonate and lithium metal by end-use, 2003-2005
• Table 68: World: Forecast consumption of lithium by end-use, 2005 and 2010
• Table 69: Comparison of main types of primary batteries
• Table 70: Typical properties of primary dry battery systems
• Table 71: Specifications for battery-grade lithium metal
• Table 72: Japan: Consumption of lithium metal in primary batteries, 2000-2005
• Table 73: Japan: Production of primary batteries by type, 1996-2005
• Table 74: USA: Forecast sales of lithium primary batteries, 2002-2009
• Table 75: Comparison of main types of secondary batteries
• Table 76: Typical properties of secondary battery systems
• Table 77: Properties of various lithium ion secondary battery chemistries
• Table 78: World: Production of lithium ion/polymer batteries, 1995-2005
• Table 79: Japan: Production of secondary batteries by type, 1995-2005
• Table 80: Average values of Japanese production of secondary batteries by type, 2000-2005
• Table 81: Specifications for lithium secondary batteries under development by GS Battery for HEVs/EVs
• Table 82: World: Forecast sales of HEVs, 2000-2011
• Table 83: USA: Forecast sales of lithium secondary batteries, 2002-2009
• Table 84: Typical batch compositions for glass by type
• Table 85: Forms of lithia used in glass
• Table 86: EU: Production of glass by type, 1996-2004
• Table 87: USA: Production of glass by type, 1996-2005
• Table 88: World: New flat glass production lines, 2004-2006
• Table 89: World: Display market by technology, 2002-2005
• Table 90: Typical chemical composition of types of textile-grade fibreglass
• Table 91: EU, Japan and the USA: Production of fibreglass, 1996-2004
• Table 92: World: Consumption of minerals in ceramic frits and glazes, 2003
• Table 93: Properties of commercial greases
• Table 94: UK: Production of grease by type, 2004
• Table 95: World: Production of lithium lubricating grease by area and type, 2001-2004
• Table 96: World: Producers of lubricating grease
• Table 97: World: Estimated consumption of lithium in lubricating grease by area, 2005
• Table 98: Japan: Consumption of lithium bromide, 1998-2005
• Table 99: Effects of additives and temperatures on properties of molten cryolite
• Table 100: World: Production of primary aluminium by leading country, 1998-2004
• Table 101: World: Production of primary aluminium by region, 2002-2006
• Table 102: World: Firm expansions in primary aluminium production capacity, 2005-2008
• Table 103: Properties of SE SLR-6430 produced by Dow using a lithium initiator
• Table 104: Microstructure of different types of polybutadienes
• Table 105: World: Production capacity for synthetic rubber by type and country, 2004
• Table 106: China: Production of synthetic rubber, 1996-2003
• Table 107: World: Production of synthetic rubber by region, 1996-2005
• Table 108: Physical properties of Al-Li alloys
• Table 109: Chemical composition of Al-Li alloys
• Table 110: Chemical composition of Alloy 2090
• Table 111: Lithium products for construction markets produced by FMC Lithium
• Table 112: Properties of lithium niobate and lithium tantalate
• Table 113: Selected properties of lithium niobate used in acoustic wave applications
• Table 114: Applications for SAW components
• Table 115: World: Forecast market for non-linear optical materials, 2003-2009
• Table 116: Applications for speciality inorganic lithium compounds
• Table 117: Prices of lithium minerals, 1995-2006
• Table 118: Average values of Chilean exports of lithium carbonate by company, 1995-2005
• Table 119: Average values of exports of lithium carbonate by leading exporting country, 2001-2005
• Table 120: Average values of exports of lithium oxides and hydroxides by leading exporting country, 2001-2005

List of Figures

• Figure 1: Overview of lithium production
• Figure 2: World: Reserves of lithium by country, 2005
• Figure 3: World: Production of primary lithium by leading producer, 2000-2005
• Figure 4: World: Production of primary lithium by type, 2005
• Figure 5: Sons of Gwalia: Greenbushes mine lithium process flowsheet
• Figure 6: Chile: Shipments of lithium carbonate, 1995-2005
• Figure 7: Russia: Reserves of lithium by region
• Figure 8: World: Leading exporters of lithium carbonate, 2005
• Figure 9: World: Leading importers of lithium carbonate, 2005
• Figure 10: World: Leading exporters of lithium oxide and hydroxide, 2005
• Figure 11: World: Leading importers of lithium oxide and hydroxide, 2005
• Figure 12: World: Estimated consumption of lithium by leading country, 2005
• Figure 13: World: Estimated consumption of lithium chemicals by type, 2002
• Figure 14: World: Estimated consumption of lithium by end-use, 2000 and 2005
• Figure 15: World: Sales of primary lithium batteries by type, 2003
• Figure 16: World: Sales of lithium ion batteries by company, 2003
• Figure 17: Average values of Japanese production of secondary batteries by type, 2000-2005
• Figure 18: World: Demand for float/sheet glass by area, 2004
• Figure 19: World: Flat glass production capacity by company, 2004
• Figure 20: World: Market for textile-grade fibreglass by region, 2002
• Figure 21: World: Production of lubricating grease by type, 2004
• Figure 22: World: Production of lithium lubricating grease by area and type, 2001 and 2004
• Figure 23: World: Production of primary aluminium by area, 1980 and 2004
• Figure 24: World: Sales of styrenic block copolymers by end-use, 2004
• Figure 25: World: Sales of styrenic block copolymers by region, 2004
• Figure 26: Average annual prices of lithium minerals, 1995-2006
• Figure 27: Average values of exports of lithium carbonate by leading exporter, 1997-2005