What this report gives you:
- Independent, in-depth research and analysis
- Essential market intelligence for successful business planning
- Detailed survey of production in 46 countries
- Up-to-date profiles of over 50 producing and processing companies and their activities, including Samancor Chrome, Xstrata SA Chrome Venture, Elementis Chromium and Kazkhrom
- Forecasts for end-use consumption & world supply & demand
A valuable resource for:
- Chief executives
- Strategic planners
- Market researchers
- Financial analysts
- Information centres
- Product developers
The combination of strong demand, tight supply and sharp rises in the costs of freight, energy and chromite raw materials, meant ferro-chrome prices reached their highest levels for ten years in early 2005, at US亼72-74/lb. This represents a significant recovery from early 2002 when prices of US亼27-29lb were at their lowest level for 30 years and some 1.3Mtpy ferro-chrome capacity was idled. Recovery in the ferro-chrome market was primarily due to growth in stainless steel production, which is forecast to maintain strong growth through the mid-2000s, led by Asian demand. Chinese output is estimated to rise from 1.8Mt in 2003 to at least 6Mt in 2008, with growth concentrated in the next two to three years.
However, recent high prices and expectations of continued growth in demand have encouraged plans for significant capacity expansion. Commissioning of all proposed capacity would result in the ferro-chrome market moving into surplus until the end of the decade, exerting downward pressure on prices. The cyclical nature of the ferro-chrome market has resulted in a high degree of vertical integration between chromite mining and ferro-chrome production, and concentration of production among relatively few countries and producers. The increasing vertical integration has put severe pressure on non-integrated producers in times of low ferro-chrome prices.
The key trends, issues and developments in the market are now analysed in this major new report from Roskill. It provides a clear insight into all areas of the industry and an authoritative analysis of the prospects for the future.
Report Highlights
The formation of a joint venture between Xstrata Alloys and SA Chrome in early 2004 created the world s largest ferro-chrome producer. The Xstrata-SA Chrome Venture, Samancor Chrome of South Africa, and Kazkrom of Kazakhstan are the leading producers of chromite and ferro-chrome, accounting for nearly 55% of world output of both products.
The countries with the greatest potential to increase production are South Africa and Kazakhstan, thereby leading to further concentration of the chromite and ferro-chrome supply. The largest expansion planned by the Xstrata-SA Chrome Venture, could potentially increase total ferro-chrome capacity to 2.55Mtpy by the end of 2010.
In Kazakhstan, Kazkhrom plans to raise chromite capacity by 400,000tpy during 2005 through the commissioning of the worlds largest pelletising plant. In the long term, Kazkrom may become forwardly integrated into stainless steel production, aimed at meeting Chinese and Russian demand.
Market economy demand for chromium chemicals is estimated to have fallen by 3% in 2003, and a similar rate of decline seems likely to continue through the mid 2000s. Increasing concerns over environmental and health risks associated with hexavalent chromium have resulted in restrictions on the consumption of chromium chemicals in wood preservation, pigments, leather tanning and metal surface treatments.
The outlook for the chromium metal market is for increasing growth over the next five years, reflecting the upturn in the aerospace and industrial gas turbine markets. Consumption is estimated to have risen by 15% in 2004, and could increase by a further 25% to 25,000tpy in the late 2000s.
Sources and Methodology
This report is the result of an extensive programme of research by Roskill analysts. They have conducted a close appraisal of information from a wide variety of sources, including governments, trade associations, company sources, official organisations, trade journals and technical literature.
Information gathering is only the first step in preparing a report. The data is then extensively analysed so that the finished report provides a comprehensive insight into the industry today, as well as top-level analysis of the long-term prospects.
Authoritative research in this report can help you:
- Explore commercial opportunities
- Gather intelligence on your competitors
- Strengthen your business capabilities
- Plan your materials buying & sourcing
- Assess key trends and growth areas
- Establish sales targets for your products
- Analyse company market share
- Save time searching for specialist information
- And improve your results
Table of Contents
1. Summary
2. Introduction, occurrence and reserves of chromite
- 2.1 Occurrence and composition of chromite
- 2.2 Reserves of chrome ore
3. Mining and processing of chromium
- 3.1 Mining and processing of chromite
- 3.1.1 Grades of chromite
- 3.2 Processing of ferro-chrome
- 3.2.1 Processing of high-carbon ferro-chrome and charge chrome
- 3.2.2 Processing of low-carbon ferro-chrome
- 3.2.3 Grades of ferro-chrome
- 3.2.4 Production costs for ferro-chrome
- 3.3 Processing of chromium metal
- 3.4 Processing of chromium chemicals
- 3.4.1 Environmental concerns over chromium compounds
4. Overview of world production of chromium
- 4.1 World production of chromite
- 4.1.1 Structure of the chromite industry
- 4.1.2 Chromite production by company
- 4.2 World production of ferro-chrome
- 4.2.1 Structure of the ferro-chrome industry
- 4.2.2 Ferro-chrome production by grade
- 4.2.3 Ferro-chrome production by company
- 4.2.4 Future trends in ferro-chrome production
- 4.3 World production of chromium metal
- 4.4 World production of chromium chemicals
5. Review of chromium producing and processing countries
- 5.1 Afghanistan
- 5.2 Albania
- 5.2.1 Production of chromite in Albania
- 5.2.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Albania
- 5.3 Argentina
- 5.4 Australia
- 5.4.1 Production of chromite in Australia
- 5.4.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Australia
- 5.5 Belgium
- 5.6 Brazil
- 5.6.1 Production of chromite in Brazil
- 5.6.1.1 Producers of chromite in Brazil
- 5.6.2 Production of chromium ferro-alloys in Brazil
- 5.6.2.1 Producers of chromium ferro-alloys in Brazil
- 5.6.3 Production of chromium metal in Brazil
- 5.6.4 Production of chromium chemicals in Brazil
- 5.7 Canada
- 5.7.1 Allican Resources
- 5.7.2 Resources Minieres Pro-Or
- 5.8 Chile
- 5.9 China
- 5.9.1 Supply of chromite in China
- 5.9.1.1 Producers of chromite in China
- 5.9.2 Production of ferro-chrome in China
- 5.9.2.1 Trade in ferro-chrome in China
- 5.9.2.2 Producers of ferro-chrome in China
- 5.9.3 Production of chromium metal in China
- 5.9.3.1 Producers of chromium metal in China
- 5.9.4 Production of chromium chemicals in China
- 5.9.4.1 Producers of chromium chemicals in China
- 5.10 Croatia
- 5.11 Cuba
- 5.12 Finland
- 5.12.1 Production of chromite in Finland
- 5.12.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Finland
- 5.13 France
- 5.14 Germany
- 5.14.1 Production of low-carbon ferro-chrome in Germany
- 5.14.2 Production of chromium metal in Germany
- 5.14.3 Production of chromium chemicals in Germany
- 5.15 Greece
- 5.16 India
- 5.16.1 Production of chromite in India
- 5.16.1.1 Producers of chromite in India
- 5.16.1.2 Exports of chromite from India
- 5.16.2 Production of ferro-chrome in India
- 5.16.2.1 Producers of ferro-chrome in India
- 5.16.2.2 Exports of ferro-chrome from India
- 5.16.3 Integrated and non-integrated producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in India
- 5.16.3.1 Balasore Alloys
- 5.16.3.2 Ferro Alloys Corp
- 5.16.3.3 GMR Technologies & Industries
- 5.16.3.4 ICCL
- 5.16.3.5 IMFA
- 5.16.3.6 Ispat Alloys
- 5.16.3.7 Jindal Steel and Power
- 5.16.3.8 Jindal Strips
- 5.16.3.9 Misrilall Mines
- 5.16.3.10 Mysore Minerals
- 5.16.3.11 Nava Bharat Ferro Alloys
- 5.16.3.12 OMC
- 5.16.3.13 Shah Alloys
- 5.16.3.14 Sharp Ferro Alloys
- 5.16.3.15 Srinivasa Ferro Alloys
- 5.16.3.16 TISCO
- 5.16.3.17 Visa Industries
- 5.16.3.18 Other producers
- 5.16.4 Production of chromium metal in India
- 5.16.5 Production of chromium chemicals in India
- 5.17 Indonesia
- 5.18 Iran
- 5.19 Italy
- 5.20 Japan
- 5.20.1 Supply of ferro-chrome in Japan
- 5.20.2 Producers of ferro-chrome in Japan
- 5.20.2.1 JFE Material
- 5.20.2.2 JMC
- 5.20.2.3 Mitsubishi
- 5.20.2.4 Nippon Denko
- 5.20.2.5 Shunan Denko
- 5.20.3 Production of chromium metal in Japan
- 5.20.4 Production of chromium chemicals in Japan
- 5.21 Kazakhstan
- 5.21.1 Production of chromite in Kazakhstan
- 5.21.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Kazakhstan
- 5.21.2.1 Exports of ferro-chrome from Kazakhstan
- 5.21.2.2 Producers of ferro-chrome in Kazakhstan
- 5.21.3 Production of chromium metal in Kazakhstan
- 5.21.4 Production of chromium chemicals in Kazakhstan
- 5.22 Macedonia
- 5.23 Madagascar
- 5.24 Mexico
- 5.25 Myanmar
- 5.26 New Caledonia
- 5.27 Norway
- 5.28 Oman
- 5.29 Pakistan
- 5.30 Philippines
- 5.30.1 Production of chromite in the Philippines
- 5.30.2 Past production of ferro-chrome in the Philippines
- 5.31 Poland
- 5.32 Romania
- 5.33 Russia
- 5.33.1 Supply of chromite in Russia
- 5.33.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Russia
- 5.33.2.1 Exports of ferro-chrome from Russia
- 5.33.2.2 Producers of ferro-chrome in Russia
- 5.33.3 Production of chromium metal in Russia
- 5.33.3.1 Klyuchevsky Ferroalloys Plant
- 5.33.3.2 Polema
- 5.33.3.3 Tulachermet
- 5.33.4 Production of chromium chemicals in Russia
- 5.34 Slovakia
- 5.35 Slovenia
- 5.36 South Africa
- 5.36.1 Mining of chromite in South Africa
- 5.36.2 Production of chromite in South Africa
- 5.36.3 Producers of chromite in South Africa
- 5.36.4 Processing of ferro-chrome in South Africa
- 5.36.5 Production of ferro-chrome in South Africa
- 5.36.6 Producers of ferro-chrome in South Africa
- 5.36.7 Producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in South Africa
- 5.36.7.1 Aquarius Platinum
- 5.36.7.2 ASA Metals
- 5.36.7.3 Assmang
- 5.36.7.4 Bafokeng Chrome Holdings
- 5.36.7.5 Chrome Corporation
- 5.36.7.6 Hernic Ferrochrome
- 5.36.7.7 International Ferro-Metals
- 5.36.7.8 Marico Chrome
- 5.36.7.9 National Manganese Mines
- 5.36.7.10 Rustenburg Chrome Mine
- 5.36.7.11 Rustenburg Minerals Development
- 5.36.7.12 Samancor Chrome
- 5.36.7.13 TISCO
- 5.36.7.14 Xstrata ? SA Chrome Venture
- 5.36.8 Production of chromium chemicals in South Africa
- 5.37 Spain
- 5.38 Sudan
- 5.39 Sweden
- 5.40 Turkey
- 5.40.1 Production of chromite in Turkey
- 5.40.1.1 Bilfer Madencilik
- 5.40.1.2 Dedeman Madencilik
- 5.40.1.3 Eti Elektrometalurji
- 5.40.1.4 Hayri Ogelman Mining
- 5.40.1.5 Pinarbasi Madencilik
- 5.40.1.6 Turk Maadin Sirketi
- 5.40.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Turkey
- 5.40.3 Production of chromium chemicals in Turkey
- 5.41 UAE
- 5.42 UK
- 5.42.1 Production of chromium metal in the UK
- 5.42.2 Production of chromium chemicals in the UK
- 5.43 USA
- 5.43.1 Supply of chromite in the USA
- 5.43.2 Supply of ferro-chrome in the USA
- 5.43.3 Supply of chromium metal in the USA
- 5.43.4 Supply of chromium from government stockpiles
- 5.43.5 Production of chromium chemicals in the USA
- 5.44 Venezuela
- 5.45 Vietnam
- 5.46 Zimbabwe
- 5.46.1 Production of chromite in Zimbabwe
- 5.46.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Zimbabwe
- 5.46.3 Producers of ferro-chrome in Zimbabwe
- 5.46.3.1 Maranatha Ferrochrome
- 5.46.3.2 Zimasco
- 5.46.3.3 Zimbabwe Alloys
6. Overview of world consumption of chromium
- 6.1 World consumption of chromite
- 6.2 World consumption of ferro-chrome
- 6.2.1 Trends in future demand for ferro-chrome
- 6.3 World consumption of chromium metal
- 6.4 World consumption of chromium chemicals
- 6.4.1 Consumption of chromium chemicals by product
- 6.4.2 Trends in consumption of chromium chemicals
7. Metallurgical applications for chromium
- 7.1 Use of chromium in stainless steel
- 7.1.1 Grades of stainless steel
- 7.1.2 Production of stainless steel
- 7.1.3 Consumption of stainless steel
- 7.1.4 End-uses for stainless steel
- 7.1.5 Demand for chromium in stainless steel
- 7.1.6 Trends in demand for ferro-chrome in stainless steel
- 7.1.6.1 Growth in the stainless steel industry
- 7.1.6.2 Product mix of stainless steel production
- 7.1.6.3 Scrap consumption
- 7.1.6.4 Future demand for chromium
- 7.2 Use of chromium in full alloy steels
- 7.2.1 Types of full alloy steels
- 7.2.2 Production of full alloy steels
- 7.2.3 Trends in demand for chromium in full alloy steels
- 7.3 Use of chromium in high-strength steels
- 7.3.1 Types of high-strength steels
- 7.3.2 Production of high-strength steels
- 7.3.3 Trends in demand for chromium in high-strength steels
- 7.4 Use of chromium in tool steels
- 7.4.1 Types of tool steels
- 7.4.2 Production of tool steels
- 7.4.3 Trends in demand for chromium in tool steels
- 7.5 Use of chromium in carbon steels
- 7.5.1 Types of carbon steels
- 7.5.2 Production of carbon steels
- 7.5.3 Trends in demand for chromium in carbon steels
- 7.6 Use of chromium in superalloys
- 7.6.1 Types of superalloys
- 7.6.2 Markets for superalloys
- 7.6.2.1 Aerospace applications for superalloys
- 7.6.2.2 Non-aerospace applications for superalloys
- 7.6.3 Trends in demand for chromium in superalloys
- 7.7 Use of chromium in thin film coatings
- 7.8 Use of chromium in non-ferrous and other alloys
- 7.8.1 Types of non-ferrous alloys containing chromium
- 7.8.2 Welding and hard-facing alloys
- 7.9 Use of chromium in cast iron
8. Chemical applications for chromium
- 8.1 Use of chromium chemicals in leather tanning
- 8.1.1 Trends in demand for chromium chemicals in leather tanning
- 8.2 Use of chromium chemicals in metal finishing
- 8.2.1 Environmental factors associated with the use of chromium chemicals
- in metal finishing
- 8.2.2 Chromium metal finishing processes
- 8.2.2.1 Electroplating
- 8.2.2.2 Electroless plating
- 8.2.2.3 Chemical conversion coatings
- 8.2.2.4 Steel coating
- 8.2.2.5 Anodising aluminium
- 8.2.2.6 Hard coatings
- 8.2.2.7 Bright dipping
- 8.2.2.8 High-precision electronic components
- 8.2.3 Trends in demand for chromium chemicals in metal finishing
- 8.3 Use of chromium chemicals in wood preservatives
- 8.3.1 CCA wood preservatives
- 8.3.2 Environmental issues associated with CCA
- 8.3.3 Alternatives to CCA wood preservatives
- 8.3.4 Trends in demand for chromium chemicals in wood preservatives
- 8.4 Use of chromium chemicals in pigments
- 8.4.1 Types of pigments containing chromium chemicals
- 8.4.2 Trends in demand for chromium chemicals in pigments
- 8.5 Minor applications for chromium chemicals
- 8.5.1 Abrasives
- 8.5.2 Agriculture
- 8.5.3 Batteries
- 8.5.4 Catalysts
- 8.5.5 Chemical processes
- 8.5.6 Corrosion inhibitors
- 8.5.7 Drilling muds
- 8.5.8 Fireworks and explosives
- 8.5.9 Flame retardants
- 8.5.10 Glass and ceramics
- 8.5.11 Lithography
- 8.5.12 Magnetic storage materials
- 8.5.13 Nuclear fuel additives
- 8.5.14 Oils, fats and waxes
- 8.5.15 Pharmaceuticals
- 8.5.16 Photographic chemicals
- 8.5.17 Textile mordants
- 8.5.18 Waterproof materials
9. Refractory applications for chromium
- 9.1 Use of chromite in refractories
- 9.1.1 Refractory-grade chromite and chromic oxide
- 9.1.2 Markets for chromite-containing refractories
- 9.1.3 Trends in consumption of chromite in refractories
- 9.2 Use of chromite in foundry sands
- 9.2.1 Specifications for foundry-grade chromite
- 9.2.2 Trends in demand for chromite in foundry sands
10. International trade in chromium
- 10.1 Trade in chromite
- 10.2 Trade in ferro-chrome
- 10.3 Trade in chromium metal
- 10.4 Trade in chromium chemicals
11. Prices of chromium
- 11.1 Prices of chromite
- 11.1.1 Prices of metallurgical-grade chromite
- 11.1.2 Prices of non-metallurgical chromite
- 11.2 Prices of ferro-chrome
- 11.2.1 Historical prices of ferro-chrome
- 11.2.2 Recent price trends for ferro-chrome
- 11.2.3 Future trends in ferro-chrome prices
- 11.3 Prices of chromium metal
- 11.4 Prices of chromium chemicals丂
