Abstract
South Africa Drug Delivery Devices Investment Opportunities, Analysis and
Forecasts to 2012
Summary
This report is an essential source for in-depth information and data relating
to the South Africa drug delivery devices devices market. It also offers
detailed and comprehensive coverage of market revenue, volume, distribution
and company share information; and latest news, financial deals and pipeline
products information of each of the key sub-segments of the drug delivery
devices in South Africa.
Scope
・ The report provides drug delivery devices information broken down into
detailed categories and segments in South Africa.
・ Total revenues,
products sold, end users, and average pricing.
・ Market shares of all the
key competitors.
・ Key pipeline products that are set to shape the
market, broken down by sector.
・ Information on the top medical equipment
companies in the sector in the country covering business description,
strategic analysis, and financial information.
・ Healthcare structure,
regulatory environment, approval process, pricing trends and
reimbursement.
・ Product and brand updates, strategy changes, R&D
projects, corporate expansions and contractions and regulatory changes.
・
Key mergers and acquisitions, partnerships, private equity investments and
IPOs.
・ Customer, hospitals and physicians data.
Reasons to buy
・ Gain a strong understanding of the drug delivery devices market in South
Africa.
・ Evaluate and compare the attractiveness of the market in the
country.
・ Identify growth segments and opportunities in each industry
sector within the country.
・ Evaluate the pipeline of key products that
will change the sector, and identify threats and opportunities before the
products are launched in the country.
・ Analyze the competitiveness of the
market in the country and identify hotspots.
・ Develop strategies based
on the latest product, brand, expansion and research and development news in
the country.
・ Do deals with an understanding of how competitors are
financed, and the mergers and partnerships that have shaped the market in the
country.
・ Identify and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the
industry incumbents in the country.
Table of Contents
1 Table of Contents 2
1.1 List of Tables 9
1.2 List of Figures 11
2 Introduction 13
2.1 What Is This Report About? 13
2.2 Definitions
13
2.2.1 Drug delivery devices 13
2.2.1.1 Needle-free Injections
13
2.2.1.2 Inhalation Systems 13
2.2.1.3 Infusion Systems 14
3
Healthcare Sector Review 15
3.1 Healthcare Sector Review 15
3.2
Healthcare Expenditure 15
4 Drug Delivery Devices in South Africa 16
4.1 Drug Delivery Devices Overall Revenues (2000-2012) 16
4.2 Drug
Delivery Devices Overall Volume (2000-2012) 22
4.3 Drug Delivery Devices
Company Shares (2005-2006) 24
5 Inhalation Systems in South Africa 26
5.1 Inhalation Systems Overall Revenues (2000-2012) 26
5.1.1 Metered Dose
Inhaler Devices Overall Revenues (2000-2012) 30
5.1.2 Dry Powder Inhaler
Devices Overall Revenues (2000-2012) 32
5.2 Inhalation Systems Overall
Volume (2000-2012) 34
5.2.1 Metered Dose Inhaler devices Overall Volume
(2000-2012) 36
5.2.2 Dry Powder Inhaler Devices Overall Volume (2000-2012)
38
5.3 Inhalation Systems Average Price (2000-2012) 40
5.3.1 Metered
Dose Inhaler Devices Average Price (2000-2012) 40
5.3.2 Dry Powder Inhaler
Devices Average Price (2000-2012) 42
5.4 Inhalation Systems Distribution
Share (2005-2006) 44
5.5 Inhalation Systems Company Share (2005-2006)
45
6 Infusion Systems in South Africa 46
6.1 Infusion Systems Overall
Revenues (2000-2012) 46
6.1.1 Infusion Disposable Sets Overall Revenue
(2000-2012) 50
6.1.2 Infusion Pumps Overall Revenue (2000-2012) 52
6.1.3 Syringe Pumps Overall Revenues (2000-2012) 54
6.2 Infusion Systems
Overall Volume (2000-2012) 56
6.2.1 Infusion Disposable Sets Overall
Volume (2000-2012) 57
6.2.2 Infusion Pumps Overall Volume (2000-2012)
59
6.2.3 Syringe Pumps Overall Volume (2000-2012) 61
6.3 Infusion
Systems Average Price (2000-2012) 63
6.3.1 Infusion Pumps Average Price
(2000-2012) 63
6.3.2 Syringe Pumps Average Price (2000-2012) 65
6.3.3
Infusion Disposable Sets Average Price (2000-2012) 67
6.4 Infusion Systems
Distribution Share (2005-2006) 69
6.5 Infusion Systems Company Share
(2005-2006) 70
7 AstraZeneca PLC Company Profile 71
7.1 Company
Overview 71
7.2 Business Overview 71
7.2.1 Products 72
7.2.2
History 73
7.3 Locations And Subsidiaries 74
8 3M Company Profile
76
8.1 Company Overview 76
8.2 Business Overview 76
8.2.1 Consumer
and Office 76
8.2.1.1 Overview 76
8.2.1.2 Capital Expenditure 76
8.2.1.3 Market View 76
8.2.1.4 Key Strategies 76
8.2.2 Display and
Graphics 77
8.2.2.1 Overview 77
8.2.2.2 Financials 77
8.2.2.3
Capital Expenditure 77
8.2.2.4 Market View 77
8.2.2.5 Key Strategies
77
8.2.3 Electro and Communications 77
8.2.3.1 Overview 77
8.2.3.2
Financials 77
8.2.3.3 Capital Expenditure 77
8.2.3.4 Market View
78
8.2.3.5 Key Strategies 78
8.2.4 Health Care 78
8.2.4.1 Overview
78
8.2.4.2 Financials 78
8.2.4.3 Capital Expenditure 78
8.2.4.4
Market View 78
8.2.4.5 Key Strategies 79
8.2.5 Industrial and
Transportation 79
8.2.5.1 Overview 79
8.2.5.2 Financials 79
8.2.5.3 Capital Expenditure 79
8.2.5.4 Market View 79
8.2.5.5 Key
Strategies 79
8.2.6 Safety, Security and Protection Services 80
8.2.6.1 Overview 80
8.2.6.2 Financials 80
8.2.6.3 Capital Expenditure
80
8.2.6.4 Market View 80
8.2.6.5 Key Strategies 80
8.2.7 Products
80
8.3 Value Chain Analysis 82
8.3.1 Manufacturing 82
8.3.1.1 In
House Manufacturing 82
8.3.2 Product Development 82
8.3.2.1 Regulatory
Approvals 83
8.3.2.2 Clinical Trials 83
8.3.2.3 Research and
Development 83
8.3.3 Sales and Marketing 83
8.3.3.1 Partnerships and
Alliances 83
8.3.3.2 Licensing Agreements 83
8.3.3.3 E-distribution
84
8.4 SWOT Analysis 84
8.4.1 3M Company Strengths 84
8.4.1.1
Strong performance of Industrial and Transportation segment 84
8.4.1.2
Focused research and development 84
8.4.1.3 Decentralized operations
85
3M Company Weaknesses 85
8.4.1.4 Increased operating costs in the
U.S. 85
8.4.1.5 Personal care segment' s poor performance 85
3M Company
Opportunities 85
8.4.1.6 Expanding global presence 85
8.4.1.7 The
liquid crystal display 86
8.4.1.8 Enhancing brand portfolio 86
3M
Company Threats 86
8.4.1.9 Foreign currency fluctuations 86
8.4.1.10
Increasing cost of raw materials 86
8.4.1.11 Trend for private labels
86
8.5 Revenue Analysis 87
8.5.1 Revenue by Segment 87
8.5.2
Revenue by Geography 88
8.6 Financial and Operational Review 89
8.6.1
Financial Statements 89
8.6.2 Financial Ratios 90
8.7 Locations And
Subsidiaries 91
9 Baxter International Company Profile 92
9.1 Company
Overview 92
9.2 Business Overview 92
9.2.1 BioScience 92
9.2.1.1
Overview 92
9.2.1.2 Financials 92
9.2.1.3 Capital Expenditure 92
9.2.2 Medication Delivery 92
9.2.2.1 Overview 92
9.2.2.2 Financials
92
9.2.2.3 Capital Expenditure 93
9.2.3 Renal 93
9.2.3.1 Overview
93
9.2.3.2 Financials 93
9.2.3.3 Capital Expenditure 93
9.2.4
Products 93
9.2.5 History 94
9.3 Value Chain Analysis 96
9.3.1
Manufacturing 97
9.3.1.1 In House Manufacturing 97
9.3.2 Product
Development 97
9.3.2.1 Regulatory Approvals 97
9.3.2.2 Clinical Trials
97
9.3.2.3 Research and Development 97
9.3.3 Sales and Marketing
98
9.3.3.1 Partnerships and Alliances 98
9.4 SWOT Analysis 98
9.4.1 Baxter International Inc. Strengths 99
9.4.1.1 Diversified
geographic presence 99
9.4.1.2 Sturdy research and development activities
99
9.4.1.3 Strong financial performance 99
9.4.2 Baxter International
Inc. Weaknesses 99
9.4.2.1 High levels of inventory 99
9.4.2.2 Decline
in revenues of medication delivery 99
9.4.2.3 Reduced capital expenditure
100
9.4.3 Baxter International Inc. Opportunities 100
9.4.3.1
Co-developing alliances 100
9.4.3.2 Increasing End Stage Renal Disease
patients 100
9.4.3.3 FDA approval 100
9.4.4 Baxter International Inc.
Threats 100
9.4.4.1 Legal proceedings 100
9.4.4.2 Patent litigation
101
9.4.4.3 Stringent regulations 101
9.5 Revenue Analysis 101
9.5.1 Revenue by Segment 101
9.5.2 Revenue by Geography 102
9.6
Financial and Operational Review 103
9.6.1 Financial Statements 103
9.6.2 Financial Ratios 104
9.7 Locations And Subsidiaries 105
9.8
Baxter International Inc. Pipeline Products 107
9.8.1 Next-Generation Home
Hemodialysis Machine 107
9.8.1.1 Product Overview 107
9.8.1.2 Product
Description 107
9.8.1.3 Product Status 107
9.8.1.4 Product Milestone
107
10 GlaxoSmithKline plc Company Profile 109
10.1 Company Overview
109
10.2 Business Overview 109
10.2.1 Products 110
10.2.2 History
110
10.3 Locations And Subsidiaries 113
11 Novartis AG Company Profile
114
11.1 Company Overview 114
11.2 Business Overview 114
11.2.1
Major Products and Services 114
11.3 Locations And Subsidiaries 115
12
Regulation System 117
12.1 Medical Equipment Regulation System 117
12.2 Regulation of Electromagnetic Medical Devices 117
12.3 Future Outlook
120
13 Pricing and Reimbursement 121
13.1 Reimbursement 121
13.2
Pricing 121
14 Distribution Structure 122
15 Appendix 123
15.1
Global Markets Direct Research Methodology 123
15.2 Coverage 124
15.3
Secondary Research 124
15.4 Primary Research 125
15.5 Models 125
15.6 Forecasts 126
15.7 Expert Panels 126
15.8 Currency Conversion
127
15.9 Contact Us 128
15.10 Disclaimer 128
1.1 List of
Tables
Table 1: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($
mn), 2000-2012 16
Table 2: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa, Overall
Revenues ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007 17
Table 3: Drug Delivery Devices,
South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 18
Table 4:
Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa, Category Revenues ($ mn), 2000-2012
19
Table 5: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa, Category Revenues ($ mn),
Historic, 2000-2007 20
Table 6: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa,
Category Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 21
Table 7: Drug Delivery
Devices, South Africa, Category Volume (Units), 2000-2012 22
Table 8: Drug
Delivery Devices, South Africa, Category Volume (Units), Historic, 2000-2007
23
Table 9: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa, Category Volume (Units),
Forecast, 2007-2012 24
Table 10: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa,
Company Share by Revenue ($ mn), 2005-2006 25
Table 11: Inhalation
Systems, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn, Historic, 2000-2007 26
Table 12: Inhalation Systems, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Forecast,
2007-2012 27
Table 13: Inhalation Systems, South Africa, Revenue by
Segment ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007 28
Table 14: Inhalation Systems, South
Africa, Revenue by Segment ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 29
Table 15:
Metered Dose Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Historic,
2000-2007 30
Table 16: Metered Dose Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall
Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 31
Table 17: Dry Powder Inhaler
Devices, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007 32
Table 18: Dry Powder Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn),
Forecast, 2007-2012 33
Table 19: Inhalation Systems, South Africa, Overall
Volume (Units), Historic, 2000-2007 34
Table 20: Inhalation Systems, South
Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Forecast, 2007-2012 35
Table 21: Metered
Dose Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Historic,
2000-2007 36
Table 22: Metered Dose Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall
Volume (Units), Forecast, 2007-2012 37
Table 23: Dry Powder Inhaler
Devices, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Historic, 2000-2007 38
Table 24: Dry Powder Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units),
Forecast, 2007-2012 39
Table 25: Metered Dose Inhaler Devices, South
Africa, Average Price ($), Historic, 2000-2007 40
Table 26: Metered Dose
Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Average Price ($), Forecast, 2007-2012 41
Table 27: Dry Powder Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Average Price ($),
Historic, 2000-2007 42
Table 28: Dry Powder Inhaler Devices, South Africa,
Average Price ($), Forecast, 2007-2012 43
Table 29: Inhalation Systems,
South Africa, Distribution Share by Revenue ($ mn), 2005-2006 44
Table 30:
Inhalation Systems, South Africa, Company Share by Revenue ($ mn), 2005-2006
45
Table 31: Infusion Systems, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn),
Historic, 2000-2007 46
Table 32: Infusion Systems, South Africa, Overall
Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 47
Table 33: Infusion Systems, South
Africa, Revenue by Segment ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007 48
Table 34:
Infusion Systems, South Africa, Revenue by Segment ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012
49
Table 35: Infusion Disposable Sets, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($
mn), Historic, 2000-2007 50
Table 36: Infusion Disposable Sets, South
Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 51
Table 37: Infusion
Pumps, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007 52
Table
38: Infusion Pumps, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012
53
Table 39: Syringe Pumps, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn),
Historic, 2000-2007 54
Table 40: Syringe Pumps, South Africa, Overall
Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 55
Table 41: Infusion Systems, South
Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Historic, 2000-2007 56
Table 42: Infusion
Systems, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Forecast, 2007-2012 56
Table 43: Infusion Disposable Sets, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units),
Historic, 2000-2007 57
Table 44: Infusion Disposable Sets, South Africa,
Overall Volume (Units), Forecast, 2007-2012 58
Table 45: Infusion Pumps,
South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Historic, 2000-2007 59
Table 46:
Infusion Pumps, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Forecast, 2007-2012
60
Table 47: Syringe Pumps, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units),
Historic, 2000-2007 61
Table 48: Syringe Pumps, South Africa, Overall
Volume (Units), Forecast, 2007-2012 62
Table 49: Infusion Pumps, South
Africa, Average Price ($), Historic, 2000-2007 63
Table 50: Infusion
Pumps, South Africa, Average Price ($), Forecast, 2007-2012 64
Table 51:
Syringe Pumps, South Africa, Average Price ($), Historic, 2000-2007 65
Table 52: Syringe Pumps, South Africa, Average Price ($), Forecast, 2007-2012
66
Table 53: Infusion Disposable Sets, South Africa, Average Price ($),
Historic, 2000-2007 67
Table 54: Infusion Disposable Sets, South Africa,
Average Price ($), Forecast, 2007-2012 68
Table 55: Infusion Systems,
South Africa, Distribution Share by Revenue ($ mn), 2005-2006 69
Table 56:
Infusion Systems, South Africa, Company Share by Revenue ($ mn), 2005-2006
70
Table 57: AstraZeneca PLC, Subsidiaries 74
Table 58:
AstraZeneca PLC, Subsidiaries((Contd..) 75
Table 59: 3M Company, SWOT
Analysis, 2006 84
Table 60: 3M Company, Revenue by Segment, USD
Million, 2003-2007 87
Table 61: 3M Company, Revenue by Geography, USD
Million, 2003-2007 88
Table 62: 3M Company, Financial Statements, USD
Million, 2003-2007 89
Table 63: 3M Company, Financial Ratios, USD
Million, 2003-2007 90
Table 64: 3M Company, Subsidiaries 91
Table
65: Baxter International Inc., SWOT Analysis, 2006 98
Table 66:
Baxter International Inc., Revenue by Segment, USD Million, 2003-2007 101
Table 67: Baxter International Inc., Revenue by Geography, USD Million,
2003-2007 102
Table 68: Baxter International Inc., Financial
Statements, USD Million, 2003-2007 103
Table 69: Baxter International
Inc., Financial Ratios, USD Million, 2003-2007 104
Table 70: Baxter
International Inc., Other Locations 105
Table 71: Baxter
International Inc., Subsidiaries 106
Table 72: GlaxoSmithKline plc,
Subsidiaries 113
Table 73: Novartis Medical Nutrition, Other
Locations 115
Table 74: Novartis Medical Nutrition, Other
Locations(Contd..) 116
Table 75: Currency Conversion from USD to Local
Currency at 2007 Constant Rate 127
1.2 List of Figures
Figure 1:
Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), 2000-2012 16
Figure 2: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn),
Historic, 2000-2007 17
Figure 3: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa,
Overall Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 18
Figure 4: Drug Delivery
Devices, South Africa, Category Revenues ($ mn), 2000-2012 19
Figure 5:
Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa, Category Revenues ($ mn), Historic,
2000-2007 20
Figure 6: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa, Category
Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 21
Figure 7: Drug Delivery Devices,
South Africa, Category Volume (Units), 2000-2012 22
Figure 8: Drug
Delivery Devices, South Africa, Category Volume (Units), Historic, 2000-2007
23
Figure 9: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa, Category Volume (Units),
Forecast, 2007-2012 24
Figure 10: Drug Delivery Devices, South Africa,
Company Share (%), 2006 25
Figure 11: Inhalation Systems, South Africa,
Overall Revenues ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007 26
Figure 12: Inhalation
Systems, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 27
Figure 13: Inhalation Systems, South Africa, Revenue by Segment ($ mn),
Historic, 2000-2007 28
Figure 14: Inhalation Systems, South Africa,
Revenue by Segment ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 29
Figure 15: Metered Dose
Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007
30
Figure 16: Metered Dose Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall Revenues
($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 31
Figure 17: Dry Powder Inhaler Devices,
South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007 32
Figure 18:
Dry Powder Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Forecast,
2007-2012 33
Figure 19: Inhalation Systems, South Africa, Overall Volume
(Units), Historic, 2000-2007 34
Figure 20: Inhalation Systems, South
Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Forecast, 2007-2012 35
Figure 21: Metered
Dose Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Historic,
2000-2007 36
Figure 22: Metered Dose Inhaler Devices, South Africa,
Overall Volume (Units), Forecast, 2007-2012 37
Figure 23: Dry Powder
Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Historic, 2000-2007
38
Figure 24: Dry Powder Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Overall Volume
(Units), Forecast, 2007-2012 39
Figure 25: Metered Dose Inhaler Devices,
South Africa, Average Price ($), Historic, 2000-2007 40
Figure 26: Metered
Dose Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Average Price ($), Forecast, 2007-2012
41
Figure 27: Dry Powder Inhaler Devices, South Africa, Average Price ($),
Historic, 2000-2007 42
Figure 28: Dry Powder Inhaler Devices, South
Africa, Average Price ($), Forecast, 2007-2012 43
Figure 29: Inhalation
Systems, South Africa, Distribution Share (%), 2006 44
Figure 30:
Inhalation Systems, South Africa, Company Share (%), 2006 45
Figure 31:
Infusion Systems, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007
46
Figure 32: Infusion Systems, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn),
Forecast, 2007-2012 47
Figure 33: Infusion Systems, South Africa, Revenue
by Segment ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007 48
Figure 34: Infusion Systems,
South Africa, Revenue by Segment ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 49
Figure 35:
Infusion Disposable Sets, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Historic,
2000-2007 50
Figure 36: Infusion Disposable Sets, South Africa, Overall
Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 51
Figure 37: Infusion Pumps, South
Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2007 52
Figure 38:
Infusion Pumps, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012
53
Figure 39: Syringe Pumps, South Africa, Overall Revenues ($ mn),
Historic, 2000-2007 54
Figure 40: Syringe Pumps, South Africa, Overall
Revenues ($ mn), Forecast, 2007-2012 55
Figure 41: Infusion Disposable
Sets, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Historic, 2000-2007 57
Figure
42: Infusion Disposable Sets, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Forecast,
2007-2012 58
Figure 43: Infusion Pumps, South Africa, Overall Volume
(Units), Historic, 2000-2007 59
Figure 44: Infusion Pumps, South Africa,
Overall Volume (Units), Forecast, 2007-2012 60
Figure 45: Syringe Pumps,
South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Historic, 2000-2007 61
Figure 46:
Syringe Pumps, South Africa, Overall Volume (Units), Forecast, 2007-2012
62
Figure 47: Infusion Pumps, South Africa, Average Price ($), Historic,
2000-2007 63
Figure 48: Infusion Pumps, South Africa, Average Price ($),
Forecast, 2007-2012 64
Figure 49: Syringe Pumps, South Africa, Average
Price ($), Historic, 2000-2007 65
Figure 50: Syringe Pumps, South Africa,
Average Price ($), Forecast, 2007-2012 66
Figure 51: Infusion Disposable
Sets, South Africa, Average Price ($), Historic, 2000-2007 67
Figure 52:
Infusion Disposable Sets, South Africa, Average Price ($), Forecast, 2007-2012
68
Figure 53: Infusion Systems, South Africa, Distribution Share (%), 2006
69
Figure 54: Infusion Systems, South Africa, Company Share (%), 2006
70
Figure 55: 3M Company, Value Chain Analysis 82
Figure 56:
Baxter International Inc., Value Chain Analysis 96
Figure 57: Global
Markets Direct Methodology 123
