全球媒产业：第2版

Abstract

Introduction

• Coal is making a come-back
• A relentless increase in world demand for energy, large price increases for natural gas, growing concern about imported energy and security of supply, indecision about nuclear power are all factors which are contributing to the renaissance of coal
• Despite the ' dash for gas' in the last two decades, coal remains the number two source of primary energy
• In 1965 coal accounted for 38.4% of total final energy consumption, by 1999 this had been whittled down to 25.1% but today it has risen to 27.8%
• Production grew 14.3% in the 20 years between 1981 and 2000 but in the last five years it has grown 27.1% in total between 2000 and 2005
• This renaissance is taking place in many countries, but by far the most important driver is escalating demand in China, accompanied by growth in India and by continued strong demand in the USA

Report Scope

• The report provides a global overview of the coal market with production and demand
• The structure of coal rank
• An analysis of the international coal trade - the structure , geographical distribution of international coal production, development of a single coal market and international coal prices in the Atlantic and Pacific markets
• The shipping and freight rates
• The new technologies for coal extraction and the effects on the environment
• Global environmental legislation
• A detailed market review of the 11 key global coal supplying countries and the major coal producing companies

Key Research Findings

• The big international coal mining companies are now rivalling the oil and gas giants in the extent of their energy reserves
• A new coal mining force is entering the global marketplace and moving into the first league on the strength of their vast domestic market, the giant coal producers of China
• A vitally important issue is the development of clean coal technology
• Coal is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide, a major emitter of sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, mercury and particulate matter (polluting ash and dust)
• Billions of dollars are being invested in the development of technologies to clean emissions, to capture and store carbon and to generate electricity with reduced carbon emissions. The target is zero emissions generation
• In the last 40 years the global coal market has changed radically
• In 1965, the United States was overwhelmingly the largest producer and consumer of coal, accounting for 20% of consumption, followed by the United Kingdom and Germany
• The US share has increased slightly to 22% but the US has moved from first place into second pace quite a long way behind China
• In 1965 China had an 11% share of the global market but this has grown to 36.9% in 2005
• The role of the key exporters was established in the first half of the 1980s
• The main impetus to growth of coal exports came initially from the US and Poland, but Australia and South Africa both expanded their market shares considerably during the 1980s
• More recently Indonesia has become the second largest exporter
• US exports fell under intense price pressure from other suppliers

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Overview

• Coal Production
• Coal Demand
  • Coal Demand by Country
• International Coal Trade
• Coal-fired Power Generation
• Global Energy Reserves

3. Coal Rank

• Primary Coal
• Secondary Coal
• Coke Coal
• Metallurgical Coal
• Hard Coal
• Coal Rank
  • Anthracite
  • Bituminous Coal
  • Sub-bituminous Coal
  • Lignite
  • Steam coal
  • Brown coal
  • Heat Content of Coal or Calorific Value
• The Uses of Coal

4. International Coal Trade

• Structure of the International Coal Trade
• Geographical Distribution of International Coal Production and Trade
• Development of the Single Global Coal Market
  • The USA
  • Canada
  • Emergence of Australia as the Leading Exporter
  • South Africa
  • New Entrants
  • Regional Markets and Trade Patterns
• International Coal Prices
  • McCloskey Coal Information Services (MCIS) NWE Steam Coal Marker Price
  • Steam Coal Prices
  • Coking Coal Prices
  • Steel Production

5. Shipping and Freight Rates

• Freight as a Component of Coal Prices
• Ocean Freight Rates
  • Price Indexes
• Ocean Vessel Categories
  • Cape Vessels
  • Panamax Vessels
  • HandyMax Vessels
  • Fleet Size

6. New Technologies - Extraction and Environment

• Clean Coal Technologies (CCT)
  • 1. Switch to a cleaner fuel or reduce load to burn less of a ' dirty' fuel
  • 2. Efficiency improvement
  • 3. Clean coal technology (CCT)
• Sulphur Dioxide - SO2
• Nitrogen Oxides - NOx
• Particulate Matter/Dust
• Carbon Abatement Technologies
  • Improvement in Combustion Efficiencies
  • Co-firing with CO2 Neutral Biomass Fuels
  • Carbon Capture and Storage or Carbon Sequestration (CCS)
  • New Coal Extraction Technology
    • Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)

7. Environment

• The Kyoto Protocol
• The Environmental Legislation of the EU
  • LCPD - Large Combustion Plant Directive
  • ETS Emissions Trading Directive
• The Environmental Legislation of the US
  • Clean Air Act and Amendments
  • Existing Programmes under the Clean Air Act
  • Acid Rain, SO2, NOx
  • Effects of Compliance on Regional Coal Supply and Demand
  • Clear Skies Act
• Japan
• China
• India

8. China

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• The Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in China
• Coal Infrastructure
  • Production
• Coal Companies
  • Power Generation
• Imports and Exports of Coal
  • Coal Ports
• Transport
  • Rail
  • Inland Waterways
  • Coal Slurry Pipeline
• Environmental Impact
  • Impact of Coal Combustion
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Sulphur
  • Oxides of Nitrogen
  • Low NOx Burners
  • Particulates
  • Coal Preparation
  • Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
  • Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)

9. USA

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves
• Coal Quality
• Coal Producers
  • Peabody Energy Corporation
  • Arch Coal, Inc
  • Kennecott Energy Corporation
  • CONSOL Energy Inc.
  • Massey Energy Company
  • North American Coal Corporation
  • Westmoreland Coal Company
  • Oxbow Carbon & Minerals
  • Usibelli Coal Mine
  • Walter Industries, Inc
  • Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining
• Coal Mines
• Power Generation
• Transport
  • Rail, inland shipping and road
  • Ports
• Environmental Impact
  • Air Pollution
  • Energy Use and Carbon Emissions
  • Energy and Carbon Intensity

10. Australia

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves
• Coal Producers
• Power Generation
• Transport
  • Rail
  • Conveyors
  • Road Transport
  • Ports
• Shiploading and Blending

11. South Africa

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves
• Coal Producers
• Synthetic Fuels
• Exports
• Rail infrastructure
• Environmental Impact

12. Poland

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Consumption
• Coal Quality
• Coal Reserves
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in Poland
• Coal Producers
• Power Generation
• Transport
  • Rail
• Environmental Impact
  • Environmental Conditions and Crises
  • Environmental Outlook

13. Russia

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Industry Restructuring
• Coal Quality
• Coal Reserves
  • Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in Russia
• Coal Producers
  • Power Generation
• Transport
  • Ports
• Environmental Impact
• Outlook for Coal

14. India

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Reserves and Geographical Distribution of Mines and Coalfields
• Coal Producers
• Major Coal Producers in India
  • Coal India Ltd.
  • Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. (Bihar)
  • South-Eastern Coalfields Ltd. (Madhya Pradesh)
  • Central Coalfields Ltd. (Bihar)
  • Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. (Orissa)
  • Northern Coalfields Ltd. (Madhya Pradesh)
  • Eastern Coalfields Ltd. (West Bengal)
  • Western Coalfields Ltd. (Maharashtra)
  • North-Eastern Coalfields
  • Singareni Collieries Company Ltd.
  • Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd
  • Tata Iron Steel Company Ltd
• Power Industry
• The Coke Industry
  • Foundries, Chemical Units and Ferro-alloy Operations
  • Integrated Steel Plants
  • Secondary Steel Sector - Pig-iron Plants
• Cement Industry
• Liberalisation of the Coal Market
• Exports
• Transport
  • Water Transport
  • Ports
• Environmental Impact

15. Canada

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Coal Reserves
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines
• Tar Sands
• Coal Producers
• Coal Mines
• Power Generation
• Transport
• Environmental Impact
  • Air Pollution
  • Energy Use and Carbon Emissions
  • Energy and Carbon Intensity
  • Renewable Energy
  • Outlook

16. Indonesia

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• The Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Coal Reserves
• Coal Producers
• Power Generation
• Exports
• Environmental Impact

17. United Kingdom

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Reserves
• Coal Production
• Power Generation
• Future of Coal Power Generation
• Transport
• Environmental Impact
  • The Future of Coal

18. Colombia

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Exports
• Coal Quality
• Coal Reserves
• Coal Producers
  • Power Generation
• Coal Outlook

19. Venezuela

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines
• Coal Producers
• Orimulsion
• Infrastructure

20. Notes and Sources

• Technical Notes
• Sources

21. Statistics

22. Appendix

• The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change
• Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks
  • Water Vapour
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrous Oxide
  • Halocarbons and Other Gases (CFCs)
  • HFCs
  • PFCs
  • ‘Kyoto gases' (HFC, PFC, and SF6)
  • Other Important Radiative Gases
• Relative Forcing Effects of Various Gases
• The Kyoto Protocol
  • Differentiated Targets
  • Commitment Period
  • Demonstrable Progress
  • Land Use and Forestry
  • Flexibility Mechanisms
  • Emissions Trading
  • Joint Implementation
  • Clean Development Mechanism
  • Entry into Force

List of Tables

• Table 2-1: World' s Largest Coal Producers (excluding China and Russia), Mt, 2004
• Table 3-1: Major Coal Producers and Heat Value per t
• Table 4-1: Largest Steel Makers in the World, Production, Mt, 2006
• Table 5-1: Additions to the Dry Bulk Fleet Size
• Table 6-1: Thermal Efficiency of Different Generation Technologies
• Table 6-2: CCS Demonstration Projects Proposed
• Table 7-1: Top 22 CO2 Emitting Countries, Mt of CO2 Emitted, 2004
• Table 7-2: The Top 5 Carbon Emitting Generating Companies
• Table 7-3: Carbon Factors of the 22 Largest Generators in the EU 2002
• Table 8-1: Coal Production 2005
• Table 8-2: Major Producers in China
• Table 8-3: Main Mines in China
• Table 8-4: Coal Exporters, China
• Table 8-5: Coal Handling by Ports in China
• Table 9-1: Coal Mines in the USA, Number of Collieries and Production, end-2005
• Table 10-1: Production by Mining Method and State, 2004 and 2005 (Mt)
• Table 10-2: Australia' s Black Coal Exports by Region: 2005-06
• Table 10-3: Major Coal Producers in Australia 2004
• Table 10-4: Port Capacity and Export Loadings, 2004 and 2005 (Mt)
• Table 11-1: Major Producers in South Africa 2001
• Table 11-2: Coal Sales, Tons, 2005
• Table 12-1: Coal Demand Forecast in Poland, 2006 to 2010
• Table 12-2: Major Producers in Poland
• Table 13-1: Major Producers in Russia
• Table 16-1: Major Producers in Indonesia, 2004
• Table 17-1.
• Table 19-1: Major Producers in Venezuela
• Table 21-1: The Global Coal Leaders
• Table 21-2: Coal reserves at end of 2005 Million tonnes (Mt) of coal
• Table 21-3: Coal Production Million tonnes (Mt) of coal, 1981 to 2005
• Table 21-4: Coal Consumption Million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) of coal, 1980 to 2005)

List of Figures

• Figure 2-1: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 2-2: World Coal Production, Million Tonnes (Mt) of Coal, 1981 to 2005
• Figure 2-3: World Coal Demand, Million Tonnes of Coal Equivalent (Mtce), 1965 to 2005
• Figure 2-4: Coal Demand by Country, Mtce, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 2-5: Coal Consumption in the Major Markets 2000 to 2006 (Mtce)
• Figure 2-6: Coal Production and Consumption by Country, 2001 British Thermal Units (Btu)
• Figure 2-7: Major Hard Coal Exporters and Importers (Mt of coal) 2005
• Figure 2-8: World Coal Consumption by Sector, 1980- 2003
• Figure 2-9: The Future of Coal-fired Power Generation
• Figure 2-10: Global Energy Reserves
• Figure 3-1: Schematic of Coal Rank
• Figure 3-2: The Uses of Coal
• Figure 4-1: Regional Distribution of Coal Production, Mt
• Figure 4-2: World Coal Production by Principal Producing Countries, Mt
• Figure 4-3: Production of Steam and Coking Coal, Mt, 1960 to 2005
• Figure 4-4: World Steam and Coking Coal Trade, Mt, 1960 to 2005
• Figure 4-5: Development of Steam Coal and Coking Coal Trade, Seaborne and Land, Mt, 19752
• Figure 4-6: Global Flows of Coal Seaborne Trade
• Figure 4-7: Development of the Atlantic and Pacific Seaborne Trade, Mt, 1980 to 2005
• Figure 4-8: Steam Coal CIF Prices Europe and Japan
• Figure 4-9: Coking Coal CIF Prices Europe and Japan
• Figure 5-1: Hard Coal (Steam Coal and Coking Coal) Trade, 2005
• Figure 5-2: Sea Freight Rates for Hard Coal, 2000 to 2006
• Figure 5-3: Baltic Dry Index 2002 to 2006
• Figure 6-1: Carbon Sequestration and Storage in an Unmined Coal Seam, a Depleted Oil or Gas Reservoir or in a Deep Saline Aquifer
• Figure 6-2: The Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Path of Development
• Figure 6-3: Summary of Penetration of Coal Technologies
• Figure 6-4: Schematic of UCG Extraction
• Figure 7-1: Top Eight Carbon Emission Countries, Mt of CO2, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 7-2: Global Distribution of Carbon Emissions. Difference between Targeted and Projected Emissions 2010 (Mt of CO2 equivalents)
• Figure 7-3: Carbon Emission of EU countries, 2001
• Figure 8-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in China, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 8-2: Coal Production and Consumption in China, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 8-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in China (Mt) 2005
• Figure 8-4: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in China
• Figure 8-5: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of China up to 2020
• Figure 9-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in the US, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 9-2: Coal Production and Consumption in the US, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 9-3: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipments in the US
• Figure 9-4: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of USA to 2025
• Figure 10-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Australia, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 10-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Australia 1965 to 2006
• Figure 10-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Australia, Mt, 2005
• Figure 10-4: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Australia
• Figure 10-5: Projected Coal- fired Generating Capacity of Australia to 2020
• Figure 11-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in South Africa, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 11-2: Coal Production and Consumption in South Africa, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 11-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in South Africa, Mt, 2005
• Figure 11-4: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in South Africa
• Figure 11-6: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of South Africa to 2020
• Figure 12-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Poland, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 12-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Poland, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 12-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Poland, Mt, 2005
• Figure 12-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Poland
• Figure 12-5: Projected Coal - fired Generating Capacity of Poland to 2020
• Figure 12-6: Carbon Emissions in EU Countries, 1990 and 2002 (Mt CO2)
• Figure 13-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Russia, Mtoe 1965 to 2005
• Figure 13-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Russia, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 13-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Russia, Mt, 2005
• Figure 13-4: Coal Exports by Destination (Mt), 1990 to 2025
• Figure 13-5: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Russia
• Figure 13-6: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of Russia to 2020
• Figure 14-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in India, Mtoe 1965 to 2005
• Figure 14-2: Coal Production and Consumption in India, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 14-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in India, Million Tonnes (Mt) 2005
• Figure 14-4: Major Coalfields and Mining Centres in India
• Figure 14-5: Market Shares of Coal Production 2001, India
• Figure 14-6: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of India to 2020
• Figure 15-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Canada, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 15-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Canada, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 15-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Canada, Mt, 2005
• Figure 15-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Canada
• Figure 15-5: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of Canada to 2020
• Figure 16-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Indonesia, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 16-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Indonesia, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 16-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Indonesia, Mt, 2005
• Figure 16-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Indonesia
• Figure 17-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in China, Mtoe 1965 to 2005
• Figure 17-2: Coal Production and Consumption in the UK, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 17-3: Imports and Exports of hard Coal in the UK, Mt, 2005
• Figure 17-4: Reserves of Coal Available for Exploitation by Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)
• Figure 18-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Colombia, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 18-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Colombia, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 18-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Colombia, Mt, 2005
• Figure 18-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Colombia
• Figure 19-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Venezuela, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 19-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Venezuela, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 19-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Venezuela, Mt, 2005
• Figure 19-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Venezuela