全球海洋能源产业：第3版

Abstract

Introduction

• 2006 was a year in which the development of ocean energy made a leap forward
• The UK, more specifically Scotland is fast becoming the global leader in ocean energy research and development
• The British government is an enthusiastic supporter of ocean energy

Report Scope

• The report looks at the market development
• It provides a comprehensive overview of Ocean energy - looking at tidal, wave, ocean and marine energy
• The advantages and disadvantages are discussed
• The benefits of the different forms of ocean energy are analysed
• The technical aspects are analyses
• The manufacturing base is listed with the company name, address, tel, fax, email and energy

Key Findings

• Between 2004 and 2008, it has been estimated that the world capital expenditure (CAPEX) on wave energy will be US$140 million, with almost 50% of this in the UK
• In the same period, it has been estimated that the world CAPEX on tidal projects will be around US$110 million, with almost 90% of this being related to the UK market
• Together wave and tidal energy represent a global market of US$250 million, with US$180 million earned in the UK
• While committed tidal projects are primarily off the East Asian Pacific coasts of Korea and China, the bulk of wave energy projects are being developed in Europe
• The UK and Portugal are the countries with the most current activity
• In the last year, there has been an advance in the progress of tidal energy, with one barrage already under construction on the Korean coast, the 254 MW Shihwa tidal power plant, and a contract agreed for a second 300 MW tidal lagoon power plant in China
• Both are larger than the barrage at La Rance in France, presently the largest in the world
• The technology that is most advanced toward commercialisation is the Pelamis (named after a sea-snake), under development by Ocean Power Delivery Ltd in Scotland
• Sea trials are underway of the Wavegen commercial scale wave energy converter, LIMPET, which is feeding electricity into the supply of the Scottish island of Islay
• The first commercial grid-connected marine current turbine is currently being test operated at Lynmouth in the UK
• The first ship to use the technology of oscillating water wings may be the Orcelle

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

• Market Development
  • Ocean Energy
  • Tidal Energy
  • Wave Energy
  • Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
  • Marine Current Energy
  • Benefits and Disadvantages of Different Energy Technologies
  • Manufacturing

2. Ocean Energy Overview

• Tidal Energy
• Wave Energy
• Ocean Thermal Energy
• Marine Current Energy

3. Tidal Energy

• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Technical Concepts for Exploiting Tidal Energy - Tidal Barrages
• Secondary Water Storage
  • Current Development of Tidal Barrage Schemes
• Technical Status and Experience from Operating Systems
  • France - La Rance 240 MW Tidal Barrage
  • Canada - Annapolis 20 MW Tidal Barrage
  • China - 11 MW of Small Tidal Plants
  • Tidal Barrage Plant Under Construction in Korea
  • China Yalu River Tidal Barrage
• Experimental Tidal Barrages
  • Russian Federation - Kislogubsk 400 kW
  • United Kingdom - Severn Estuary, Mersey Estuary
• Other Tidal Flow Devices
  • TidEL, SMD Hydrovision
  • Australia - Derby
  • United States
  • Argentina
  • Canada
  • China
  • India
  • Korea (Republic)
  • Mexico
• Economic Considerations
• Environmental Aspects

4. Wave Energy

• Wave Resources
• Wave Energy Conversion Technology
  • Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
  • Floats or Buoys
  • Tapchan
• Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
• Floats and Buoys
  • AquaEnergy Buoy
  • Ocean Power Technologies
  • SPERBOY
  • The Pendulor
  • Pelamis, Ocean Power Delivery (OPD)
  • Energetech
  • Denmark Has Introduced Several Innovations
  • Japan
• Tapchan
  • The Wave Dragon
  • Wavegen
• Wave Propulsion
• Synergies with the Offshore Industry
• The Road to Commercial Wave Power
• Current Status for Wave Energy Development - Country Developments
  • Australia
  • China
  • Denmark
  • Greece
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Ireland
  • Japan
  • Maldives
  • Norway
  • Portugal
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

5. Ocean Thermal Energy

• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
• Additional Benefits of OTEC Technology - DOWA
• Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
• Status of Development and Funding Support
• Support Organisations
  • The International OTEC/DOWA Association (IOA)
  • EU and Maritime Industries Forum
  • Japan Association of Deep Ocean Water Applications
• Future Global OTEC Capacity
• Markets for OTEC
  • Country Developments
  • Cˆte d' Ivoire
  • Cuba
  • Fiji
  • French Polynesia
  • Guadeloupe
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Jamaica
  • Japan
  • Kiribati
  • Marshall Islands
  • Nauru
  • Netherlands Antilles
  • New Caledonia
  • Puerto Rico
  • Sri Lanka
  • St. Lucia
  • Taiwan, China
  • United States
  • Virgin Islands

6. Marine Current Energy

• The Seaflow Project, Marine Current Turbines (MCT) - The World' s First Marine Current
• Turbine
• Stingray and the EB Frond, The Engineering Business (EB)
• The Marine Current Resource
• Status of Marine Current Technology
  • Horizontal Axis Turbines (axial flow turbine)
  • Vertical Axis Turbines (cross flow turbine)
• Technical Problems for Research
  • Experimental Marine Plant, Korea
• Future of Marine Current Energy

7. Ocean Energy Conversion Costs

8. Benefits of Different Forms of Energy

9. Manufacturing Base

Figures

• Figure 2-1: Global Distribution of Tidal Energy Projects by Type of Project
• Figure 2-2: Global Distribution of Tidal Energy Projects by Type of Project
• Figure 2-4: Global Distribution of Wave Projects by Type of Project
• Figure 2-5: Global Distribution of Wave Projects by Type of Project
• Figure 3-1: The Global Tidal Resource
• Figure 3-2: Tidal Current Power
• Figure 3-3: Base Data for the Severn Barrage
• Figure 3-4: Proposed Severn Barrage
• Figure 3-5: TidEL Tidal Energy Device
• Figure 4-1: Wave Power Resources of the World
• Figure 4-2: The Mighty Whale
• Figure 4-3: AquaEnergy Buoys
• Figure 4-4:Floating Buoy Energy Converters
• Figure 4-5: SPERBOY Oscillating Water Column Device
• Figure 4-6: Ocean Power Delivery Pelamis
• Figure 4-7: Wave Dragon Floating Tapchan
• Figure 4-8: Limpet Shoreline Energy Module
• Figure 4-9: The Orcelle, Sustainably Powered Ship
• Figure 4-10: Pelamis Wave Farm in Portugal
• Figure 4-11: The UK Wave Power Resource
• Figure 5-1: OTEC Resource Map
• Figure 5-2: The OTEC Device
• Figure 6-1: The Seaflow Marine Current Turbine
• Figure 6-2: Stingray and EB Frind Wave Energy Devices
• Figure 6-3: Marine Current Resource in the UK
• Figure 7-1: Wave Power Installed Cost Curve Versus Other Renewables
• Figure 7-2: Generation Costs from Ocean Energy Conversion Estimated Experience

Tables

• Table 1-1: Benefits and Disadvantages of Different Energy Technologies
• Table 2-1: Leading Wave and Tidal Stream Device Developers that have Progressed to the Fullscale Prototype Stage
• Table 2-2: Universities Engaged in Ocean Energy Conversion Research
• Table 3-1: Prospective Sites for Tidal Energy Projects
• Table 3-2: Comparison of World Tidal Schemes in Existence or Proposed
• Table 3-3: Identified for Possible Tidal Barrage Plants
• Table 8-1: The Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Energy Technologies