[英文调查报告书] 生物量

Abstract

Introduction

Biomass is a major source of energy supply and it is used at different levels of technology
Biomass is the largest form of primary renewable energy
It can be used "directly", as in household fires or wood burning cookers, or "indirectly" after conversion into a secondary form of energy, such as biopower, biodiesel or biogas. It is the only renewable that can easily be processed into these three forms of secondary energy
The greatest use of direct or "traditional" biomass is in the developing countries, while the developed countries lead in biomass conversion
Biomass is the second largest energy source for electricity generation, after hydro power
This report is concerned with the technologies, markets and development of biomass energy, both used directly and converted from primary energy to a secondary fuel
Indirect use is the focus of much technological development both in the industrialised and the developing countries
Resources are enormous and constantly being renewed, either as forest or crop residue, the commercial cultivation of energy crops, and through the wastes generated from organic and industrial sources

Report Scope

This report is greatly expanded in coverage with much deeper and more comprehensive statistical analysis than in the 1st edition
The report is rich with data, with detailed new country analysis of biomass use contained in 150 charts and tables
The report analyses and identifies biomass supply and use by type and process
The biomass technologies are outlined, for direct consumption and transformation into secondary energy - electricity, gas, fuel. These technologies include gasification, pyrolysis, biofuel production, MSW treatment, landfill gas, power generation
Each of the 29 major biomass using countries is analysed by energy and biomass usage, measuring consumption, the size of different biomass sources identifying how it is used, in he following analyses;
Fossil fuel & nuclear/renewable non-biomass/biomass
Biomass supply by type - solid biomass/MWS/biofuel/biogad/industrial waste
Biomass use analysed by direct/transformation/heal/electricity/other fuel
Electricity generation from biomass historically from 1980
The report outlines the many government initiatives to support the biomass industry and R&D

Key Research Findings

Biomass supplies 10.1% of the world' s total primary, more than nuclear power (5.6%) or hydro power (2.3%)
70% of all biomass in the world is used in the residential sector, while 14% is used in industry and 11% is transformed into electricity, heat, or another energy carrier such as liquid fuel or biogas
Biomass is the second largest renewable energy source for power generation, providing 9.3% of generation from renewables
Although biomass consumption far exceeds that of the "new" renewables - wind, solar PV and thermal, ocean and tidal - it is not growing as fast as the new technologies
The biofuel market, primarily ethanol and biodiesel is growing rapidly. In 2005 the US overtook Brazil as the largest ethanol producer in the world, and the EU leads in biodiesel production
87% of the global supply of biomass is produced and consumed in non-OECD regions as a "traditional" fuel. Modern biomass now represents only 3% of primary energy consumption in industrialised countries compared with 35% in developing countries
Wood is the dominant biomass category. It is generally accepted that for wood to increase significantly as a resource for power generation more commercial "designer" energy crops must be developed

1. Executive Summary

Regional usage and development
Usage patterns
Technologies and transformation
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Charcoal production
Briquetting and pelletising
Biofuels for transportation
Bioheat
MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)
LFG (Landfill Gas)
Biopower
Biomass legislation

2. Introduction

3. Biomass as a primary fuel

TPES - Total Primary Energy Supply
TFEC - Total Final Energy Consumption
The Fuel Ladder
Urban usage
Regional distribution of biomass consumption
Future primary energy production and consumption
Bioenergy power generation

4. Benefits and constraints of bioenergy

Factors encouraging the development of biomass energy

5. Biomass resources

Agricultural crops
Energy cropping

6. Biomass conversion technologies

Direct use
- Combustion
- Cogeneration
Transformation
Electricity generation
- Conventional steam boiler
- Co-firing
- Biogas
- Anaerobic digestion
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Charcoal production
- Briquetting and pelletising
Modular systems
Biofuels for transportation
- Ethanol
- Biodiesel
- Bio refineries
Bio-based products
Technology developments

7. Biomass usage and technologies

Biomass electricity and heat
Biomass heat
- Technology for biomass heat
- Domestic heat production
- Larger scale use of biomass fuel for heating
- District heating
- Industrial use of biomass electricity and heat
- European competitiveness
- Market characteristics
- Infrastructure constraints
- USA
- Rest of world
Liquid biofuels
- Feedstocks
Ethanol
- Brazil
- USA
- Motor fuel applications for ethanol in the US
- EU
Biodiesel
- Biofuels Developments at the EU Member State Level
- USA
- EPAct 1992
- EPAct 2005
- Biodiesel Tax Credit
- Credit Trading Programme
- State incentives for use of biodiesel
- International incentives for proportion of biodiesel
- Australia
- Thailand:
- Malaysia:
- Technology and feedstocks for ethanol and biodiesel
- Ethanol
- Biodiesel
- Environmental impacts
- Manpower requirements
- Market position
- Brazil, USA, EU competitiveness
- Ethanol
- Biodiesel
MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)
- Technology
- Waste reduction
- Environmental issues
- Global market
- EU
- Waste policy in Europe
- USA
- East Asia
- Japan
- Pacific
- Future prospects
Landfill gas,
- Environment
- Technology
- Landfill gas market
- EU
- EU environmental regulations
- Rest of world
- Market problems
- Future prospects for landfill gas
Biogas
Biopower
- Technology
- Conventional steam cycle plant
- Gasification and other advanced processes
- Co-firing with fossil fuels
- Advantages of co-firing
- Disadvantages of co-firing
- Figure 7.13: Electricity generation from biomass, GWh 1970 to 2004
- United States
- Europe
- Brazil

8. Regional and national biomass market and technology review

United States
- Biomass Consumption by Energy Source and Use Sector
- Biomass Resources
- Electricity generation from biomass
Europe
Transformation
- Electricity generation
- Biofuel
- Equipment for biomass power generation
National market characteristics in the EU
Austria
- Biomass R&D
Belgium
- Biomass R&D
Denmark
- Biomass R&D
Finland
- Biomass R&D
France
Germany
- Biomass R&D
Greece
- Biomass R&D
Ireland
- Biomass R&D
Italy
- Biomass R&D
Netherlands
- Biomass R&D
Portugal
- Biomass R&D
Spain
- Biomass R&D
Sweden
- Biomass R&D
Turkey
United Kingdom
- Biomass R&D
CIS
Asia Pacific
Australia
China
- Biomass R&D and technology development
- New technologies developed in China
- New energy fuels and products under development
- Government support
- South Asia
India
Bangladesh
- Government support
Nepal
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
- Government support
Malaysia
- Government support
Myanmar
- Biomass R&D and government support
Philippines
- Government support
Thailand
- Government support
- Government support
Vietnam
- Biomass R&D and government support
Latin America
Brazil
Mexico
Africa

9. Environmental issues

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
Kyoto Protocol
- Status of ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Annex 1 countries December 31, 2006
- The "Hockey Stick Effect" and the "Medieval Warming"
- Comment on Climate Report 2001 and Paris Report 2007
- USA environmental legislation
EU Environmental Directives
- LCPD - Large Combustion Plant Directive
- ETS - Emissions Trading Directive
- IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control Directive
- EU Biofuels Directive
- The EU Landfill Directive
- Hazardous Waste Directive
- Incineration of Waste (2000/76/EC) (implemented December 2002)
- Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC)
- End of Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC) (implemented April 2002)
- The technology and other abatement measures for carbon dioxide - CO2
- Carbon sequestration
- Sleipner Project

10. Comments on biomass statistics

11. Sources

12. Directory of Biomass Manufacturers

Figures

Figure 2.1: Primary energy supply and conversion to electricity, 2004
Figure 3.1: Total primary energy supply 2004
Figure 3.2: Annual growth of renewable energy supply, 1990-2004
Figure 3.3: 2001 share of total final consumption
Figure 3.4: World Total Final Energy Consumption) by fuel 1970-2005, (Mtoe)
Figure 3.5: Importance of biomass in different world regions, 1995
Figure 3.6: Biomass consumption in North America, ktoe, 2004
Figure 3.7: Biomass consumption in EU 15 countries, ktoe, 2004
Figure 3.8: Biomass consumption in other European countries, ktoe, 2004
Figure 3.9: Final energy demand projections by fuel, Mtoe, 1990-2030
Figure 3.10: Renewables in electricity production
Figure 6.1: Biomass resources and conversion routes to produce bioenegy
Figure 7.1: World use of biomass, ktoe, 2004
Figure 7.2: Transformation into electricity, heat and other fuel carriers, 2004
Figure 7.3: : Production of ethanol by country, ktoe, 2005
Figure 7.4: Ethanol production from 1995 to 2005, ktoe
Figure 7.5: Ethanol refineries in the US, 2006
Figure 7.6: Ethanol power aerobatic squadron
Figure 7.7: Production of biodiesel in the EU and US, litres 1993-2005
Figure 7.8: State incentives to spur biodiesel use
Figure 7.9: Established waste policy in Europe
Figure 7.10: Composition of MSW in the USA, 2005
Figure 7.11: US Recycling rates, 2005
Figure 7.12: Electricity generation from biomass. GWh, 1970 to 2004
Figure 7.13: Electricity generation from biomass, GWh 1970 to 2004
Figure 7.14: Leading countries in production of electricity from biomass, GWh, 1970 to 2004
Figure 8.1: Proportion of renewable and biomass in the US energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.2: Composition of biomass supply in the United States, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.3: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.4: Biomass Energy Resource Hierarchy
Figure 8.5: Generation of electricity from biomass in the United States, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.6: Consumption of biomass by type in Europe 2004
Figure 8.7: Supply of renewable energy and biomass in European countries, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.8: Biomass electricity generation in Europe, GWh, 2004
Figure 8.9: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Austria' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.10: Composition of biomass supply in Austria, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.11: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Austria, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.12: Generation of electricity from biomass in Austria, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.13: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Belgian energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.14: Composition of biomass supply in Belgium, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.15: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Belgium, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.16: Generation of electricity from biomass in Belgium, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.17: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Denmark' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.18: Composition of biomass supply in Denmark, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.19: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Denmark, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.20: Generation of electricity from biomass in Denmark, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.21: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Finland' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.22: Composition of biomass supply in Finland, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.23: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Finland, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.24: Generation of electricity from biomass in Finland, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.25: Proportion of renewable and biomass in France' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.26: Composition of biomass supply in France, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.27: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in France, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.28: Generation of electricity from biomass in France, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.29: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Germany' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.30: Composition of biomass supply in the Germany, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.31: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Germany, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.32: Generation of electricity from biomass in Germany, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.33: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Greece' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.34: Composition of biomass supply in Greece, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.35: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Greece, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.36: Generation of electricity from biomass in Greece, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.37: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Ireland' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.38: Composition of biomass supply in Ireland, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.39: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Ireland, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.40: Generation of electricity from biomass in Ireland GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.41: Biomass resources of Ireland
Figure 8.42: Proportion of renewable and biomass energy in Italy' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004111
Figure 8.43: Composition of biomass supply in Italy, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.44: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Italy, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.45: Generation of electricity from biomass in Italy, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.46: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Netherlands energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.47: Composition of biomass supply in the Netherlands, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.48: Use of biomass, final consumption, transformation in Netherlands, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.49: Generation of electricity from biomass in the Netherlands, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.50: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Portugal' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.51: Composition of biomass supply in Portugal, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.52: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Portugal, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.53: Generation of electricity from biomass in Portugal, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.54: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Spain' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.55: Composition of biomass supply in Spain, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.56: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Spain, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.57: Generation of electricity from biomass in Spain, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.58: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Sweden' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.59: Composition of biomass supply in the Sweden, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.60: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Sweden, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.61: Generation of electricity from biomass in Sweden, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.62: Jakobstad biomass power plant, 240 MW
Figure 8.63: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Turkey' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.64: Composition of biomass supply in Turkey, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.65: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Turkey, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.66: Generation of electricity from biomass in Turkey, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.67: Proportion of renewable and biomass in the UK' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.68: Composition of biomass supply in the UK ktoe 2004
Figure 8.69: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in the UK, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.70: Generation of electricity from biomass in the UK, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.71: Supply of renewable energy and biomass in CIS countries, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.72: Biomass production in Asia, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.73: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Australian energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.74: Composition of biomass supply in Australia, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.75: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Australia, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.76: Generation of electricity from biomass in Australia, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.77: Proportion of renewable and biomass in China' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.78: Composition of biomass supply in China, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.79: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in China, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.80: Generation of electricity from biomass in China, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.81: The current status of biomass use in China
Figure 8.82: Proportion of renewable and biomass in India' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.83: Composition of biomass supply in India, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.84: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in India, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.85: Generation of electricity from biomass in India, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.86: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Bangladesh' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004144
Figure 8.87: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Nepal' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.88: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Indonesia' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.89: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Indonesia, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.90: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Malaysia' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.91: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Myanmar' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.92: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Philippines energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.93: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Thailand' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.94: Generation of electricity from biomass in Thailand, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.95: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Vietnam' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.96: Biomass consumption in Latin America, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.97: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Brazil' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.98: Composition of biomass supply in Brazil, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.99: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Brazil, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.100: Generation of electricity from biomass in Brazil, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.101: Proportion of renewable and biomass in Mexico' s energy supply, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.102: Composition of biomass supply in Mexico, ktoe 2004
Figure 8.103: Use of biomass, final consumption and transformation in Mexico, ktoe, 2004
Figure 8.104: Generation of electricity from biomass in Mexico, GWh, 1980 to 2004
Figure 8.105: Biomass production in African countries ktoe, 2004
Figure 9.1: Key greenhouse gases affected by human activity
Figure 9.2: The Hockey Stick Graph
Figure 9.3: Medieval Warm Period
Figure 9.4: Geological storage of carbon dioxide in underground caverns
Figure 9.5: The Sleipner project

Tables

Table 7.1: Biomass consumption in European countries, ktoe, 1990, 2000 and 2003
Table 7.2: Biomass consumption in European countries, ktoe, 1990, 2000 and 2003
Table 7.3: Biofuels Developments at the EU Member State Level
Table 7.4: Biodiesel incentives in other countries
Table 7.5: MSW plants with direct conversion to power generation in selected EU countries
Table 7.6: Consumption of biogas schemes in the EU
Table 7.7: Production of biogas by region, TJ
Table 7.8: Installed generating capacity from biomass in OECD countries, MW, 1999 to 2004
Table 7.9: Installed generating capacity from biomass in the USA, MW, 1999 to 2004
Table 7.10: Installed generating capacity from biomass in OECD Europe, MW, 199 to 2004
Table 7.11: Installed generating capacity from biomass in Europe countries, MW, 1999 to 2004
Table 8.1: Biomass energy consumption by energy source and use sector, trn Btu, 2000-2004
Table 8.2: Estimated Cumulative Biomass Quantities in the USA (dry ton/yr), 2003
Table 8.3:USA Industrial Biomass Energy Consumption and Electricity Net Generation by Primary Purpose of Business and Energy Source, 2003, (Trillion Btus, GWh)
Table 8.4: Fuel used by urban and rural households by income categories in India, 1997

全球生物量使用动向

Biomass Report: Direct and Indirect Use (Ed 2 - 2007)

Abstract

Introduction

Report Scope

Key Research Findings

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Introduction

3. Biomass as a primary fuel

4. Benefits and constraints of bioenergy

5. Biomass resources

6. Biomass conversion technologies

7. Biomass usage and technologies

8. Regional and national biomass market and technology review

9. Environmental issues

10. Comments on biomass statistics

11. Sources

12. Directory of Biomass Manufacturers

Figures

Tables